Guided wave coupler, coupling module and methods for use therewith

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a coupler including a receiving portion that receives a first electromagnetic wave conveying first data from a transmitting device. A guiding portion guides the first electromagnetic wave to a junction for coupling the first electromagnetic wave to a transmission medium. The first electromagnetic wave propagates via at least one first guided wave mode. The coupling of the first electromagnetic wave to the transmission medium forms a second electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along the outer surface of the transmission medium via at least one second guided wave mode that differs from the at least one first guided wave mode. Other embodiments are disclosed.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The subject disclosure relates to communications via microwavetransmission in a communication network.

BACKGROUND

As smart phones and other portable devices increasingly becomeubiquitous, and data usage increases, macrocell base station devices andexisting wireless infrastructure in turn require higher bandwidthcapability in order to address the increased demand. To provideadditional mobile bandwidth, small cell deployment is being pursued,with microcells and picocells providing coverage for much smaller areasthan traditional macrocells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a guided-wave communications system in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler in accordance with variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler in accordance with variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler in accordance with variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler and transceiver inaccordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a dual dielectric waveguide coupler in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a bidirectional dielectric waveguide coupler in accordancewith various aspects described herein.

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a bidirectional dielectric waveguide coupler in accordancewith various aspects described herein.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a bidirectional repeater system in accordance with variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limitingembodiment of a method for transmitting a transmission with a dielectricwaveguide coupler as described herein.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of acomputing environment in accordance with various aspects describedherein.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of amobile network platform in accordance with various aspects describedherein.

FIGS. 13a, 13b, and 13c are block diagrams illustrating example,non-limiting embodiments of a slotted waveguide coupler in accordancewith various aspects described herein.

FIGS. 14a and 14b are a block diagrams illustrating an example,non-limiting embodiment of a waveguide coupling system in accordancewith various aspects described herein.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a guided-wave communication system in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a transmission device in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment ofan electromagnetic distribution in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment ofan electromagnetic distribution in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a transmission device in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 20a is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission device and FIG. 20b provides example, non-limitingembodiments of various coupler shapes in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission device in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIGS. 22a and 22b are a diagrams illustrating example, non-limitingembodiments of an electromagnetic distribution in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment ofa functions in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 27 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 28 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 30 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 31 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 33 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 35 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a guided-wave communications system in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 36 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission device in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a waveguide coupling system in accordance with variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 38 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a waveguide coupling system in accordance with variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 39 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limitingembodiment of a method of transmission as described herein.

FIG. 40 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limitingembodiment of a method of transmission as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more embodiments are now described with reference to thedrawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to likeelements throughout. In the following description, for purposes ofexplanation, numerous details are set forth in order to provide athorough understanding of the various embodiments. It is evident,however, that the various embodiments can be practiced in differentcombinations and without these details (and without applying to anyparticular networked environment or standard).

To provide network connectivity to additional base station devices, thebackhaul network that links the communication cells (e.g., microcellsand macrocells) to network devices of the core network correspondinglyexpands. Similarly, to provide network connectivity to a distributedantenna system, an extended communication system that links base stationdevices and their distributed antennas is desirable. A guided-wavecommunication system can be provided to enable alternative, increased oradditional network connectivity and a waveguide coupling system can beprovided to transmit and/or receive guided-wave (e.g., surface wave)communications on a transmission medium, such as a wire or otherconductor that operates as a single-wire transmission line or adielectric material that operates as a waveguide and/or anothertransmission medium that otherwise operates to guide the transmission ofan electromagnetic wave.

In an example embodiment, a waveguide coupler that is utilized in awaveguide coupling system can be made of a dielectric material, or otherlow-loss insulator (e.g., Teflon, polyethylene, etc.), or can be made ofa conducting (e.g., metallic, non-metallic, etc.) material, or anycombination of the foregoing materials. Reference throughout thedetailed description to “dielectric waveguide” is for illustrationpurposes and does not limit embodiments to being constructed solely ofdielectric materials. In other embodiments, other dielectric orinsulating materials are possible. It will be appreciated that a varietyof transmission media such as: wires, whether insulated or not, andwhether single-stranded or multi-stranded; conductors of other shapes orconfigurations including wire bundles, cables, rods, rails, pipes;non-conductors such as dielectric pipes, rods, rails, or otherdielectric members; combinations of conductors and dielectric materials;or other guided-wave transmission media can be utilized with guided-wavecommunications without departing from example embodiments.

For these and/or other considerations, in one or more embodiments, atransmission device includes a communications interface that receives afirst communication signal that includes first data. A transceivergenerates a first electromagnetic wave based on the first communicationsignal to convey the first data, the first electromagnetic wave havingat least one carrier frequency and at least one correspondingwavelength. A coupler couples the first electromagnetic wave to atransmission medium having at least one inner portion surrounded by adielectric material, the dielectric material having an outer surface anda corresponding circumference, wherein the coupling of the firstelectromagnetic wave to the transmission medium forms a secondelectromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along the outer surfaceof the dielectric material via at least one guided-wave mode thatincludes an asymmetric mode, wherein the carrier frequency is within amillimeter wave frequency band and wherein the corresponding wavelengthis less than the circumference of the transmission medium.

In one or more embodiments, a transmission device includes a transmitterthat generates a first electromagnetic wave based on a communicationsignal to convey data, the first electromagnetic wave having at leastone carrier frequency and at least one corresponding wavelength. Acoupler couples the first electromagnetic wave to a single wiretransmission medium having an outer surface and a correspondingcircumference, wherein the coupling of the first electromagnetic wave tothe single wire transmission medium forms a second electromagnetic wavethat is guided to propagate along the outer surface of the single wiretransmission medium via at least one guided-wave mode that includes anasymmetric mode, wherein the carrier frequency in within a millimeterwave frequency band and wherein the corresponding wavelength is lessthan the circumference of the single wire transmission medium.

In one or more embodiments, a method includes generating a firstelectromagnetic wave based on a communication signal to convey data, thefirst electromagnetic wave having at least one carrier frequency and atleast one corresponding wavelength. A coupler couples the firstelectromagnetic wave to a single wire transmission medium having anouter dielectric surface and a corresponding circumference, wherein thecoupling of the first electromagnetic wave to the single wiretransmission medium forms a second electromagnetic wave that is guidedto propagate along the outer dielectric surface of the single wiretransmission medium via at least one guided-wave mode, wherein thecarrier frequency is within a millimeter wave frequency band and whereinthe corresponding wavelength is less than the circumference of thesingle wire transmission medium.

In one or more embodiments, a transmission device includes acommunications interface that receives a first communication signal thatincludes first data. A transceiver generates a first electromagneticwave based on the first communication signal to convey the first data,the first electromagnetic wave having at least one carrier frequency. Acoupler couples the first electromagnetic wave to a transmission mediumhaving at least one inner portion surrounded by a dielectric material,the dielectric material having an outer surface and a correspondingcircumference, wherein the coupling of the first electromagnetic wave tothe transmission medium forms a second electromagnetic wave that isguided to propagate along the outer surface of the dielectric materialvia at least one guided-wave mode that includes an asymmetric modehaving a lower cutoff frequency, and wherein the carrier frequency isselected to be within a limited range of the lower cutoff frequency.

In one or more embodiments, a transmission device includes a transmitterthat generates a first electromagnetic wave based on a communicationsignal to convey data, the first electromagnetic wave having at leastone carrier frequency. A coupler, coupled to the transmitter, couplesthe first electromagnetic wave to a single wire transmission mediumhaving an outer surface, wherein the coupling of the firstelectromagnetic wave to the single wire transmission medium forms asecond electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along the outersurface of the single wire transmission medium via at least oneguided-wave mode that includes an asymmetric mode having a lower cutofffrequency, and wherein the carrier frequency is selected to be within alimited range of the lower cutoff frequency.

In one or more embodiments, a method includes generating a firstelectromagnetic wave based on a communication signal to convey data, thefirst electromagnetic wave having at least one carrier frequency. Acoupler couples the first electromagnetic wave to a single wiretransmission medium having an outer surface, wherein the coupling of thefirst electromagnetic wave to the single wire transmission medium formsa second electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along theouter surface of the single wire transmission medium via at least oneguided-wave mode that includes an asymmetric mode having a lower cutofffrequency, and wherein the carrier frequency is selected to be within alimited range of the lower cutoff frequency.

In one or more embodiments, a method includes generating a firstelectromagnetic wave based on a communication signal to convey data, thefirst electromagnetic wave having at least one carrier frequency. Thefirst electromagnetic wave is coupled to a single wire transmissionmedium having an outer surface, wherein the coupling of the firstelectromagnetic wave to the single wire transmission medium forms asecond electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along the outersurface of the single wire transmission medium via at least oneguided-wave mode that includes an asymmetric mode having a lower cutofffrequency, and wherein the carrier frequency is selected to be within alimited range of the lower cutoff frequency.

Various embodiments described herein relate to a transmission system forlaunching and extracting guided-wave (e.g., surface wave communicationsthat are electromagnetic waves) transmissions from a wire. Atmillimeter-wave frequencies, wherein the wavelength is small compared tothe size of the equipment, transmissions can propagate as waves guidedby a waveguide, such as a strip or length of dielectric material orother coupler. The electromagnetic field structure of the guided-wavecan be inside and/or outside of the coupler. When this coupler isbrought into close proximity to a transmission medium (e.g., a wire,utility line or other transmission medium), at least a portion of theguided-wave decouples from the waveguide and couples to the transmissionmedium, and continues to propagate as guided-waves, such as surfacewaves about the surface of the wire.

In one or more embodiments, a coupler includes a receiving portion thatreceives a first electromagnetic wave conveying first data from atransmitting device. A guiding portion guides the first electromagneticwave to a junction for coupling the first electromagnetic wave to atransmission medium. The first electromagnetic wave propagates via atleast one first guided-wave mode. The coupling of the firstelectromagnetic wave to the transmission medium forms a secondelectromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along the outer surfaceof the transmission medium via at least one second guided-wave mode thatdiffers from the first guided-wave mode.

In one or more embodiments, a coupling module includes a plurality ofreceiving portions that receive a corresponding plurality of firstelectromagnetic waves conveying first data. A plurality of guidingportions guide the plurality of first electromagnetic waves to acorresponding plurality of junctions for coupling the plurality of firstelectromagnetic waves to a transmission medium. The plurality of firstelectromagnetic waves propagate via at least one first guided-wave modeand the coupling of the plurality of first electromagnetic waves to thetransmission medium forms a plurality of second electromagnetic wavesthat are guided to propagate along the outer surface of the transmissionmedium via at least one second guided-wave mode that differs from thefirst guided-wave mode.

In one or more embodiments, a method includes receiving a firstelectromagnetic wave conveying first data from a transmitting device.The first electromagnetic wave is guided to a junction for coupling thefirst electromagnetic wave to a transmission medium. The firstelectromagnetic wave propagates via at least one first guided-wave modeand the coupling of the first electromagnetic wave to the transmissionmedium forms a second electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagatealong the outer surface of the transmission medium via at least onesecond guided-wave mode that differs from the first guided-wave mode.

In one or more embodiments, a transmission device includes a firstcoupler that guides a first electromagnetic wave to a first junction toform a second electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along theouter surface of the transmission medium via one or more guided-wavemodes. This mode or modes have an envelope that varies as a function ofangular deviation and/or longitudinal displacement. A second couplerguides a third electromagnetic wave from a second junction coupling thethird electromagnetic wave from the transmission medium. The secondjunction is arranged in angular deviation and/or longitudinaldisplacement to correspond to a local minimum of the envelope.

In one or more embodiments, a method includes generating a firstelectromagnetic wave conveying first data from a transmitting device.The first electromagnetic wave is guided to a first junction forcoupling the first electromagnetic wave to a transmission medium at afirst azimuthal angle to form a second electromagnetic wave that isguided to propagate along the outer surface of the transmission mediumvia at least one guided-wave mode. The second electromagnetic wave hasan envelope that varies as a function of angular deviation from thefirst azimuthal angle and/or longitudinal displacement from the firstjunction. The function has a local minimum at a first angular deviationfrom the first azimuthal angle and/or first longitudinal displacementfrom the first junction. A third electromagnetic wave is guided from asecond junction coupling the third electromagnetic wave from thetransmission medium at the first angular deviation from the firstazimuthal angle and/or the first longitudinal displacement from thefirst junction to form a fourth electromagnetic wave that is guided to afirst receiver.

According to an example embodiment, a surface wave is a type ofguided-wave that is guided by a surface of the transmission medium,which can include an exterior or outer surface of the wire, exterior orouter surface of dielectric coating or insulating jacket, or anothersurface of a transmission medium that is adjacent to or exposed toanother type of medium having different properties (e.g., dielectricproperties). Indeed, in an example embodiment, a surface of thetransmission medium that guides a surface wave can represent atransitional surface between two different types of media. For example,in the case of a bare or uninsulated wire, the surface of the wire canbe the outer or exterior conductive surface of the bare or uninsulatedwire that is exposed to air or free space. As another example, in thecase of insulated wire, the surface of the wire can be the conductiveportion of the wire that meets the insulator portion of the wire, or canotherwise be the insulated surface of the wire that is exposed to air orfree space, or can otherwise be any material region between theinsulated surface of the wire and the conductive portion of the wirethat meets the insulator portion of the wire, depending upon therelative differences in the properties (e.g., dielectric properties) ofthe insulator, air, and/or the conductor and further dependent on thefrequency and propagation mode or modes of the guided-wave.

According to an example embodiment, guided-waves such as surface wavescan be contrasted with radio transmissions over free space/air orconventional propagation of electrical power or signals through theconductor of the wire. Indeed, with surface wave or guided-wave systemsdescribed herein, conventional electrical power or signals can stillpropagate or be transmitted through the conductor of the wire, whileguided-waves (including surface waves and other electromagnetic waves)can surround all or part of the surface of the wire and propagate alongthe wire with low loss, according to an example embodiment. In anexample embodiment, a surface wave can have a field structure (e.g., anelectromagnetic field structure) that lies primarily or substantiallyoutside of the transmission medium that serves to guide the surfacewave.

In an example embodiment, the guided-waves employed herein can becontrasted with Sommerfeld waves used as a means of propagation along awire which are limited to waves having a wavelength greater than, notless than, the circumference of the wire. In an example embodiment, theguided-waves employed herein can be contrasted with G-Wave and E-Wavesystems that operate via the propagation of the fundamental mode and notbased on the propagation of at least one asymmetric mode. In an exampleembodiment, the guided-waves employed herein can be contrasted withsurface plasmon wave propagation along single metal wire premised on theelectron bunches that form in conductors at frequencies such as opticalfrequencies, well above, and not less than γ, the mean collisionfrequency of electrons of the conducting material. These prior artsystems have failed to address guided-wave propagation for atransmission medium, where the guided-wave includes an asymmetric modethat propagates at low loss frequencies, such as in the microwave ormillimeter-wave band, that are less than the mean collision frequency ofelectrons of the conducting material. These prior art systems havefailed to address guided-wave propagation for a transmission medium thatincludes an outer dielectric, where the guided-wave includes anasymmetric mode that propagates with low loss with fields concentratedabout the outer surface of the dielectric.

According to an example embodiment, the electromagnetic waves travelingalong a wire are induced by other electromagnetic waves traveling alonga waveguide in proximity to the wire. The inducement of theelectromagnetic waves can be independent of any electrical potential,charge or current that is injected or otherwise transmitted through thewires as part of an electrical circuit. It is to be appreciated thatwhile a small current in the wire may be formed in response to thepropagation of the electromagnetic wave through the wire, this can bedue to the propagation of the electromagnetic wave along the wiresurface, and is not formed in response to electrical potential, chargeor current that is injected into the wire as part of an electricalcircuit. The electromagnetic waves traveling on the wire therefore donot require a circuit to propagate along the wire surface. The wiretherefore is a single wire transmission line that does not require acircuit. Also, in some embodiments, a wire is not necessary, and theelectromagnetic waves can propagate along a single line transmissionmedium that is not a wire.

According to an example embodiment, the term “single wire transmissionmedium” is used in conjunction with transmission via electromagneticwaves that are guided by a wire, but do not require the wire to be partof a circuit to support such propagation. A transmission system mayinclude multiple single wire transmission media that act to transmitsuch guided-waves, with different waves being guided by differing onesof the single wire transmission media.

According to an example embodiment, the term “about” a wire used inconjunction with a guided-wave (e.g., surface wave) can includefundamental wave propagation modes and other guided-waves. Assuming thewire has a circular or otherwise substantially circular cross section,the fundamental mode is a symmetric mode having a circular orsubstantially circular field distribution (e.g., electric field,magnetic field, electromagnetic field, etc.) at least partially around awire. In addition, when a guided-wave propagates “about” a circular,stranded or other wire with a circular or substantially circular crosssection, it propagates longitudinally along the wire via a wavepropagation mode (at least one guided-wave mode) that can include notonly the fundamental wave propagation modes (e.g., zero order modes),but additionally or alternatively other non-fundamental wave propagationmodes such as higher-order guided-wave modes (e.g., 1^(st) order modes,2^(nd) order modes, etc.), asymmetrical modes and/or other guided (e.g.,surface) waves that have non-circular field distributions around a wire.As used herein, the term “substantially circular” means a shape thatvaries by less that (+/−15%) from a perfect circle. As used herein, theterm “non-circular”, means a shape that is not substantially circular.

For example, such non-circular field distributions can be unilateral ormulti-lateral with one or more axial lobes characterized by relativelyhigher field strength and/or one or more nulls or null regionscharacterized by relatively low-field strength, zero-field strength orsubstantially zero field strength. Further, the field distribution canotherwise vary as a function of a longitudinal axial orientation aroundthe wire such that one or more regions of axial orientation around thewire have an electric or magnetic field strength (or combinationthereof) that is higher than one or more other regions of axialorientation, according to an example embodiment. It will be appreciatedthat the relative positions of the higher order modes or asymmetricalmodes can vary as the guided-wave travels along the wire.

Considering other wires, conductors or dielectrics that havenon-circular cross sections (i.e. not substantially circular crosssections), the terms symmetric and asymmetric modes may not apply in thesame fashion. For example a fundamental mode of a rectangular waveguidemay not have a circular or substantially circular field distribution. Sothe terms fundamental mode and non-fundamental modes can be used in thismore general sense.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a block diagram illustrating an example,non-limiting embodiment of a guided-wave communication system 100 isshown. Guided-wave communication system 100 depicts an exemplaryenvironment in which a transmission device, coupler or coupling modulecan be used.

Guided-wave communication system 100 can be a distributed antenna systemthat includes one or more base station devices (e.g., base stationdevice 104) that are communicably coupled to a macrocell site 102 orother network connection. Base station device 104 can be connected by awired (e.g., fiber and/or cable), or by a wireless (e.g., microwavewireless) connection to macrocell site 102. Macrocells such as macrocellsite 102 can have dedicated connections to the mobile network and basestation device 104 can share and/or otherwise use macrocell site 102'sconnection. Base station device 104 can be mounted on, or attached to,utility pole 116. In other embodiments, base station device 104 can benear transformers and/or other locations situated nearby a power line.

Base station device 104 can facilitate connectivity to a mobile networkfor mobile devices 122 and 124. Antennas 112 and 114, mounted on or nearutility poles 118 and 120, respectively, can receive signals from basestation device 104 and transmit those signals to mobile devices 122 and124 over a much wider area than if the antennas 112 and 114 were locatedat or near base station device 104.

It is noted that FIG. 1 displays three utility poles, with one basestation device, for purposes of simplicity. In other embodiments,utility pole 116 can have more base station devices, and one or moreutility poles with distributed antennas are possible.

A transmission device, such as dielectric waveguide coupling device 106can transmit the signal from base station device 104 to antennas 112 and114 via utility or power line(s) that connect the utility poles 116,118, and 120. To transmit the signal, radio source and/or coupler 106 upconverts the signal (e.g., via frequency mixing) from base stationdevice 104 or otherwise converts the signal from the base station device104 to a microwave or millimeter-wave band signal having at least onecarrier frequency in the microwave or millimeter-wave frequency band.The dielectric waveguide coupling device 106 launches a millimeter-waveband wave that propagates as a guided-wave (e.g., surface wave or otherelectromagnetic wave) traveling along the utility line or other wire. Atutility pole 118, another transmission device, such as dielectricwaveguide coupling device 108 that receives the guided-wave (andoptionally can amplify it as needed or desired or operate as a digitalrepeater to receive it and regenerate it) and sends it forward as aguided-wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) on theutility line or other wire. The dielectric waveguide coupling device 108can also extract a signal from the millimeter-wave band guided-wave andshift it down in frequency or otherwise convert it to its originalcellular band frequency (e.g., 1.9 GHz or other defined cellularfrequency) or another cellular (or non-cellular) band frequency. Anantenna 112 can transmit (e.g., wirelessly transmit) the downshiftedsignal to mobile device 122. The process can be repeated by anothertransmission device, such as dielectric waveguide coupling device 110,antenna 114 and mobile device 124, as necessary or desirable.

Transmissions from mobile devices 122 and 124 can also be received byantennas 112 and 114 respectively. Repeaters on dielectric waveguidecoupling devices 108 and 110 can upshift or otherwise convert thecellular band signals to microwave or millimeter-wave band and transmitthe signals as guided-wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagneticwave) transmissions over the power line(s) to base station device 104.

In an example embodiment, system 100 can employ diversity paths, wheretwo or more utility lines or other wires are strung between the utilitypoles 116, 118, and 120 (e.g., for example, two or more wires betweenpoles 116 and 120) and redundant transmissions from base station 104 aretransmitted as guided-waves down the surface of the utility lines orother wires. The utility lines or other wires can be either insulated oruninsulated, and depending on the environmental conditions that causetransmission losses, the coupling devices can selectively receivesignals from the insulated or uninsulated utility lines or other wires.The selection can be based on measurements of the signal-to-noise ratioof the wires, or based on determined weather/environmental conditions(e.g., moisture detectors, weather forecasts, etc.). The use ofdiversity paths with system 100 can enable alternate routingcapabilities, load balancing, increased load handling, concurrentbi-directional or synchronous communications, spread spectrumcommunications, etc. (See FIG. 8 for more illustrative details).

It is noted that the use of the dielectric waveguide coupling devices106, 108, and 110 in FIG. 1 are by way of example only, and that inother embodiments, other uses are possible. For instance, dielectricwaveguide coupling devices can be used in a backhaul communicationsystem, providing network connectivity to base station devices.Dielectric waveguide coupling devices can be used in many circumstanceswhere it is desirable to transmit guided-wave communications over awire, whether insulated or not insulated. Dielectric waveguide couplingdevices are improvements over other coupling devices due to no contactor limited physical and/or electrical contact with the wires that maycarry high voltages. With dielectric waveguide coupling devices, theapparatus can be located away from the wire (e.g., spaced apart from thewire) and/or located on the wire so long as it is not electrically incontact with the wire, as the dielectric acts as an insulator, allowingfor cheap, easy, and/or less complex installation. However, aspreviously noted conducting or non-dielectric couplers can be employed,particularly in configurations where the wires correspond to a telephonenetwork, cable television network, broadband data service, fiber opticcommunications system or other network employing low voltages or havinginsulated transmission lines.

It is further noted, that while base station device 104 and macrocellsite 102 are illustrated in an example embodiment, other networkconfigurations are likewise possible. For example, devices such asaccess points or other wireless gateways can be employed in a similarfashion to extend the reach of other networks such as a wireless localarea network, a wireless personal area network or other wireless networkthat operates in accordance with a communication protocol such as a802.11 protocol, WIMAX protocol, Ultra Wideband protocol, Bluetoothprotocol, Zigbee protocol or other wireless protocol.

Turning now to FIG. 2, illustrated is a block diagram of an example,non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupling system 200 inaccordance with various aspects described herein. System 200 comprises adielectric waveguide 204 that has a wave 206 propagating as aguided-wave about a waveguide surface of the dielectric waveguide 204.In an example embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 204 is curved, and atleast a portion of the waveguide 204 can be placed near a wire 202 inorder to facilitate coupling between the waveguide 204 and the wire 202,as described herein. The dielectric waveguide 204 can be placed suchthat a portion of the curved dielectric waveguide 204 is parallel orsubstantially parallel to the wire 202. The portion of the dielectricwaveguide 204 that is parallel to the wire can be an apex of the curve,or any point where a tangent of the curve is parallel to the wire 202.When the dielectric waveguide 204 is positioned or placed thusly, thewave 206 travelling along the dielectric waveguide 204 couples, at leastin part, to the wire 202, and propagates as guided-wave 208 around orabout the wire surface of the wire 202 and longitudinally along the wire202. The guided-wave 208 can be characterized as a surface wave or otherelectromagnetic wave, although other types of guided-waves 208 cansupported as well without departing from example embodiments. A portionof the wave 206 that does not couple to the wire 202 propagates as wave210 along the dielectric waveguide 204. It will be appreciated that thedielectric waveguide 204 can be configured and arranged in a variety ofpositions in relation to the wire 202 to achieve a desired level ofcoupling or non-coupling of the wave 206 to the wire 202. For example,the curvature and/or length of the dielectric waveguide 204 that isparallel or substantially parallel, as well as its separation distance(which can include zero separation distance in an example embodiment),to the wire 202 can be varied without departing from exampleembodiments. Likewise, the arrangement of the dielectric waveguide 204in relation to the wire 202 may be varied based upon considerations ofthe respective intrinsic characteristics (e.g., thickness, composition,electromagnetic properties, etc.) of the wire 202 and the dielectricwaveguide 204, as well as the characteristics (e.g., frequency, energylevel, etc.) of the waves 206 and 208.

The guided-wave 208 propagates in a direction parallel or substantiallyparallel to the wire 202, even as the wire 202 bends and flexes. Bendsin the wire 202 can increase transmission losses, which are alsodependent on wire diameters, frequency, and materials. If the dimensionsof the dielectric waveguide 204 are chosen for efficient power transfer,most of the power in the wave 206 is transferred to the wire 202, withlittle power remaining in wave 210. It will be appreciated that theguided-wave 208 can still be multi-modal in nature (discussed herein),including having modes that are non-fundamental or asymmetric, whiletraveling along a path that is parallel or substantially parallel to thewire 202, with or without a fundamental transmission mode. In an exampleembodiment, non-fundamental or asymmetric modes can be utilized tominimize transmission losses and/or obtain increased propagationdistances.

It is noted that the term parallel is generally a geometric constructwhich often is not exactly achievable in real systems. Accordingly, theterm parallel as utilized in the subject disclosure represents anapproximation rather than an exact configuration when used to describeembodiments disclosed in the subject disclosure. In an exampleembodiment, substantially parallel can include approximations that arewithin 30 degrees of true parallel in all dimensions.

In an example embodiment, the wave 206 can exhibit one or more wavepropagation modes. The dielectric waveguide modes can be dependent onthe shape and/or design of the waveguide 204. The one or more dielectricwaveguide modes of wave 206 can generate, influence, or impact one ormore wave propagation modes of the guided-wave 208 propagating alongwire 202. In an example embodiment, the wave propagation modes on thewire 202 can be similar to the dielectric waveguide modes since bothwaves 206 and 208 propagate about the outside of the dielectricwaveguide 204 and wire 202 respectively. In some embodiments, as thewave 206 couples to the wire 202, the modes can change form due to thecoupling between the dielectric waveguide 204 and the wire 202. Forexample, differences in size, material, and/or impedances of thedielectric waveguide 204 and the wire 202 may create additional modesnot present in the dielectric waveguide modes and/or suppress some ofthe dielectric waveguide modes. The wave propagation modes can comprisethe fundamental transverse electromagnetic mode (Quasi-TEM₀₀), whereonly small electric and/or magnetic fields extend in the direction ofpropagation, and the electric and magnetic fields extend radiallyoutwards while the guided-wave propagates along the wire. Thisguided-wave mode can be donut shaped, where few of the electromagneticfields exist within the dielectric waveguide 204 or wire 202. Waves 206and 208 can comprise a fundamental TEM mode where the fields extendradially outwards, and also comprise other, non-fundamental (e.g.,asymmetric, higher-level, etc.) modes. While particular wave propagationmodes are discussed above, other wave propagation modes are likewisepossible such as transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM)modes, based on the frequencies employed, the design of the dielectricwaveguide 204, the dimensions and composition of the wire 202, as wellas its surface characteristics, its optional insulation, theelectromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, etc. Itshould be noted that, depending on the frequency, the electrical andphysical characteristics of the wire 202 and the particular wavepropagation modes that are generated, the guided-wave 208 can travelalong the conductive surface of an oxidized uninsulated wire, anunoxidized uninsulated wire, an insulated wire and/or along theinsulating surface of an insulated wire.

In an example embodiment, a diameter of the dielectric waveguide 204 issmaller than the diameter of the wire 202. For the microwave ormillimeter-band wavelength being used, the dielectric waveguide 204supports a single waveguide mode that makes up wave 206. This singlewaveguide mode can change as it couples to the wire 202 as surface wave208. If the dielectric waveguide 204 were larger, more than onewaveguide mode can be supported, but these additional waveguide modesmay not couple to the wire 202 as efficiently, and higher couplinglosses can result. However, in some alternative embodiments, thediameter of the dielectric waveguide 204 can be equal to or larger thanthe diameter of the wire 202, for example, where higher coupling lossesare desirable or when used in conjunction with other techniques tootherwise reduce coupling losses (e.g., impedance matching withtapering, etc.).

In an example embodiment, the wavelength of the waves 206 and 208 arecomparable in size, or smaller than a circumference of the dielectricwaveguide 204 and the wire 202. In an example, if the wire 202 has adiameter of 0.5 cm, and a corresponding circumference of around 1.5 cm,the wavelength of the transmission is around 1.5 cm or less,corresponding to a frequency of 20 GHz or greater. In anotherembodiment, a suitable frequency of the transmission and thecarrier-wave signal is in the range of 30-100 GHz, perhaps around 30-60GHz, and around 38 GHz in one example. In an example embodiment, whenthe circumference of the dielectric waveguide 204 and wire 202 iscomparable in size to, or greater, than a wavelength of thetransmission, the waves 206 and 208 can exhibit multiple wavepropagation modes including fundamental and/or non-fundamental(symmetric and/or asymmetric) modes that propagate over sufficientdistances to support various communication systems described herein. Thewaves 206 and 208 can therefore comprise more than one type of electricand magnetic field configuration. In an example embodiment, as theguided-wave 208 propagates down the wire 202, the electrical andmagnetic field configurations will remain the same from end to end ofthe wire 202. In other embodiments, as the guided-wave 208 encountersinterference or loses energy due to transmission losses, the electricand magnetic field configurations can change as the guided-wave 208propagates down wire 202.

In an example embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 204 can be composedof nylon, Teflon, polyethylene, a polyamide, or other plastics. In otherembodiments, other dielectric materials are possible. The wire surfaceof wire 202 can be metallic with either a bare metallic surface, or canbe insulated using plastic, dielectric, insulator or other sheathing. Inan example embodiment, a dielectric or otherwisenon-conducting/insulated waveguide can be paired with either abare/metallic wire or insulated wire. In other embodiments, a metallicand/or conductive waveguide can be paired with a bare/metallic wire orinsulated wire. In an example embodiment, an oxidation layer on the baremetallic surface of the wire 202 (e.g., resulting from exposure of thebare metallic surface to oxygen/air) can also provide insulating ordielectric properties similar to those provided by some insulators orsheathings.

It is noted that the graphical representations of waves 206, 208 and 210are presented merely to illustrate the principles that wave 206 inducesor otherwise launches a guided-wave 208 on a wire 202 that operates, forexample, as a single wire transmission line. Wave 210 represents theportion of wave 206 that remains on the dielectric waveguide 204 afterthe generation of guided-wave 208. The actual electric and magneticfields generated as a result of such wave propagation may vary dependingon the frequencies employed, the particular wave propagation mode ormodes, the design of the dielectric waveguide 204, the dimensions andcomposition of the wire 202, as well as its surface characteristics, itsoptional insulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surroundingenvironment, etc.

It is noted that dielectric waveguide 204 can include a terminationcircuit or damper 214 at the end of the dielectric waveguide 204 thatcan absorb leftover radiation or energy from wave 210. The terminationcircuit or damper 214 can prevent and/or minimize the leftover radiationfrom wave 210 reflecting back toward transmitter circuit 212. In anexample embodiment, the termination circuit or damper 214 can includetermination resistors, and/or other components that perform impedancematching to attenuate reflection. In some embodiments, if the couplingefficiencies are high enough, and/or wave 210 is sufficiently small, itmay not be necessary to use a termination circuit or damper 214. For thesake of simplicity, these transmitter and termination circuits ordampers 212 and 214 are not depicted in the other figures, but in thoseembodiments, transmitter and termination circuits or dampers maypossibly be used.

Further, while a single dielectric waveguide 204 is presented thatgenerates a single guided-wave 208, multiple dielectric waveguides 204placed at different points along the wire 202 and/or at different axialorientations about the wire can be employed to generate and receivemultiple guided-waves 208 at the same or different frequencies, at thesame or different phases, and/or at the same or different wavepropagation modes. The guided-wave or waves 208 can be modulated toconvey data via a modulation technique such as phase shift keying,frequency shift keying, quadrature amplitude modulation, amplitudemodulation, multi-carrier modulation and via multiple access techniquessuch as frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing,code division multiplexing, multiplexing via differing wave propagationmodes and via other modulation and access strategies.

Turning now to FIG. 3, illustrated is a block diagram of an example,non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupling system 300 inaccordance with various aspects described herein. System 300 implementsa coupler that comprises a dielectric waveguide 304 and a wire 302 thathas a wave 306 propagating as a guided-wave about a wire surface of thewire 302. In an example embodiment, the wave 306 can be characterized asa surface wave or other electromagnetic wave.

In an example embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 304 is curved orotherwise has a curvature, and can be placed near a wire 302 such that aportion of the curved dielectric waveguide 304 is parallel orsubstantially parallel to the wire 302. The portion of the dielectricwaveguide 304 that is parallel to the wire can be an apex of the curve,or any point where a tangent of the curve is parallel to the wire 302.When the dielectric waveguide 304 is near the wire, the guided-wave 306travelling along the wire 302 can couple to the dielectric waveguide 304and propagate as guided-wave 308 about the dielectric waveguide 304. Aportion of the guided-wave 306 that does not couple to the dielectricwaveguide 304 propagates as guided-wave 310 (e.g., surface wave or otherelectromagnetic wave) along the wire 302.

The guided-waves 306 and 308 stay parallel to the wire 302 anddielectric waveguide 304, respectively, even as the wire 302 anddielectric waveguide 304 bend and flex. Bends can increase transmissionlosses, which are also dependent on wire diameters, frequency, andmaterials. If the dimensions of the dielectric waveguide 304 are chosenfor efficient power transfer, most of the energy in the guided-wave 306is coupled to the dielectric waveguide 304 and little remains inguided-wave 310.

In an example embodiment, a receiver circuit can be placed on the end ofwaveguide 304 in order to receive wave 308. A termination circuit can beplaced on the opposite end of the waveguide 304 in order to receiveguided-waves traveling in the opposite direction to guided-wave 306 thatcouple to the waveguide 304. The termination circuit would thus preventand/or minimize reflections being received by the receiver circuit. Ifthe reflections are small, the termination circuit may not be necessary.

It is noted that the dielectric waveguide 304 can be configured suchthat selected polarizations of the surface wave 306 are coupled to thedielectric waveguide 304 as guided-wave 308. For instance, ifguided-wave 306 is made up of guided-waves or wave propagation modeswith respective polarizations, dielectric waveguide 304 can beconfigured to receive one or more guided-waves of selectedpolarization(s). Guided-wave 308 that couples to the dielectricwaveguide 304 is thus the set of guided-waves that correspond to one ormore of the selected polarization(s), and further guided-wave 310 cancomprise the guided-waves that do not match the selectedpolarization(s).

The dielectric waveguide 304 can be configured to receive guided-wavesof a particular polarization based on an angle/rotation around the wire302 that the dielectric waveguide 304 is placed (the axial orientationof the coupler) and the axial pattern of the field structure of theguided-waves. For instance, if the coupler is oriented to feed theguided-waves along the horizontal access and if the guided-wave 306 ispolarized horizontally (i.e. the filed structure of the guided-waves areconcentrated on the horizontal axis), most of the guided-wave 306transfers to the dielectric waveguide as wave 308. In another instance,if the dielectric waveguide 304 is rotated 90 degrees around the wire302, most of the energy from guided-wave 306 would remain coupled to thewire as guided-wave 310, and only a small portion would couple to thewire 302 as wave 308.

It is noted that waves 306, 308, and 310 are shown using three circularsymbols in FIG. 3 and in other figures in the specification. Thesesymbols are used to represent a general guided-wave, but do not implythat the waves 306, 308, and 310 are necessarily circularly polarized orotherwise circularly oriented. In fact, waves 306, 308, and 310 cancomprise a fundamental TEM mode where the fields extend radiallyoutwards, and also comprise other, non-fundamental (e.g. higher-level,etc.) modes. These modes can be asymmetric (e.g., radial, bilateral,trilateral, quadrilateral, etc,) in nature as well.

It is noted also that guided-wave communications over wires can be fullduplex, allowing simultaneous communications in both directions. Wavestraveling one direction can pass through waves traveling in an oppositedirection. Electromagnetic fields may cancel out at certain points andfor short times due to the superposition principle as applied to waves.The waves traveling in opposite directions propagate as if the otherwaves weren't there, but the composite effect to an observer may be astationary standing wave pattern. As the guided-waves pass through eachother and are no longer in a state of superposition, the interferencesubsides. As a guided-wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagneticwave) couples to a waveguide and moves away from the wire, anyinterference due to other guided-waves (e.g., surface waves or otherelectromagnetic waves) decreases. In an example embodiment, asguided-wave 306 (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave)approaches dielectric waveguide 304, another guided-wave (e.g., surfacewave or other electromagnetic wave) (not shown) traveling from left toright on the wire 302 passes by causing local interference. Asguided-wave 306 couples to dielectric waveguide 304 as wave 308, andmoves away from the wire 302, any interference due to the passingguided-wave subsides.

It is noted that the graphical representations of electromagnetic waves306, 308 and 310 are presented merely to illustrate the principles thatguided-wave 306 induces or otherwise launches a wave 308 on a dielectricwaveguide 304. Guided-wave 310 represents the portion of guided-wave 306that remains on the wire 302 after the generation of wave 308. Theactual electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of suchguided-wave propagation may vary depending on one or more of the shapeand/or design of the dielectric waveguide, the relative position of thedielectric waveguide to the wire, the frequencies employed, the designof the dielectric waveguide 304, the dimensions and composition of thewire 302, as well as its surface characteristics, its optionalinsulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surroundingenvironment, etc.

Turning now to FIG. 4, illustrated is a block diagram of an example,non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupling system 400 inaccordance with various aspects described herein. System 400 implementsa coupler that comprises a dielectric waveguide 404 that has a wave 406propagating as a guided-wave about a waveguide surface of the dielectricwaveguide 404. In an example embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 404 iscurved, and an end of the dielectric waveguide 404 can be tied,fastened, or otherwise mechanically coupled to a wire 402. When the endof the dielectric waveguide 404 is fastened to the wire 402, the end ofthe dielectric waveguide 404 is parallel or substantially parallel tothe wire 402. Alternatively, another portion of the dielectric waveguidebeyond an end can be fastened or coupled to wire 402 such that thefastened or coupled portion is parallel or substantially parallel to thewire 402. The coupling device 410 can be a nylon cable tie or other typeof non-conducting/dielectric material that is either separate from thedielectric waveguide 404 or constructed as an integrated component ofthe dielectric waveguide 404. In other embodiments, the dielectricwaveguide 404 can be mechanically uncoupled from the wire 402 leaving anair gap between the coupler and the wire 402. The dielectric waveguide404 can be adjacent to the wire 402 without surrounding the wire 402.

When the dielectric waveguide 404 is placed with the end parallel to thewire 402, the guided-wave 406 travelling along the dielectric waveguide404 couples to the wire 402, and propagates as guided-wave 408 about thewire surface of the wire 402. In an example embodiment, the guided-wave408 can be characterized as a surface wave or other electromagneticwave.

It is noted that the graphical representations of waves 406 and 408 arepresented merely to illustrate the principles that wave 406 induces orotherwise launches a guided-wave 408 on a wire 402 that operates, forexample, as a single wire transmission line. The actual electric andmagnetic fields generated as a result of such wave propagation may varydepending on one or more of the shape and/or design of the dielectricwaveguide, the relative position of the dielectric waveguide to thewire, the frequencies employed, the design of the dielectric waveguide404, the dimensions and composition of the wire 402, as well as itssurface characteristics, its optional insulation, the electromagneticproperties of the surrounding environment, etc.

In an example embodiment, an end of dielectric waveguide 404 can tapertowards the wire 402 in order to increase coupling efficiencies. Indeed,the tapering of the end of the dielectric waveguide 404 can provideimpedance matching to the wire 402, according to an example embodimentof the subject disclosure. For example, an end of the dielectricwaveguide 404 can be gradually tapered in order to obtain a desiredlevel of coupling between waves 406 and 408 as illustrated in FIG. 4.

In an example embodiment, the coupling device 410 can be placed suchthat there is a short length of the dielectric waveguide 404 between thecoupling device 410 and an end of the dielectric waveguide 404. Maximumcoupling efficiencies are realized when the length of the end of thedielectric waveguide 404 that is beyond the coupling device 410 is atleast several wavelengths long for whatever frequency is beingtransmitted, however shorter lengths are also possible.

Turning now to FIG. 5, illustrated is a block diagram of an example,non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler andtransceiver system 500 (referred to herein collectively as system 500)in accordance with various aspects described herein. System 500implements a transmission device with a coupler that comprises atransmitter/receiver device 506 that launches and receives waves (e.g.,guided-wave 504 onto dielectric waveguide 502). The guided-waves 504 canbe used to transport signals received from and sent to a base stationdevice 508, mobile devices 522, or a building 524 by way of acommunications interface 501. The communications interface 501 can be anintegral part of system 500. Alternatively, the communications interface501 can be tethered to system 500. The communications interface 501 cancomprise a wireless interface for interfacing to the base station 508,the mobile devices 522, or building 524 utilizing any of variouswireless signaling protocols (e.g., LTE, WiFi, WiMAX, etc.). Thecommunications interface 501 can also comprise a wired interface such asa fiber optic line, coaxial cable, twisted pair, or other suitable wiredmediums for transmitting signals to the base station 508 or building524. For embodiments where system 500 functions as a repeater, thecommunications interface 501 may not be necessary.

The output signals (e.g., Tx) of the communications interface 501 can becombined with a millimeter-wave carrier wave generated by a localoscillator 512 at frequency mixer 510. Frequency mixer 510 can useheterodyning techniques or other frequency shifting techniques tofrequency shift the output signals from communications interface 501.For example, signals sent to and from the communications interface 501can be modulated signals such as orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexed (OFDM) signals formatted in accordance with a Long-TermEvolution (LTE) wireless protocol or other wireless 3G, 4G, 5G or highervoice and data protocol, a Zigbee, WIMAX, Ultra Wideband or IEEE 802.11wireless protocol or other wireless protocol. In an example embodiment,this frequency conversion can be done in the analog domain, and as aresult, the frequency shifting can be done without regard to the type ofcommunications protocol that the base station 508, mobile devices 522,or in-building devices 524 use. As new communications technologies aredeveloped, the communications interface 501 can be upgraded or replacedand the frequency shifting and transmission apparatus can remain,simplifying upgrades. The carrier wave can then be sent to a poweramplifier (“PA”) 514 and can be transmitted via the transmitter receiverdevice 506 via the diplexer 516.

Signals received from the transmitter/receiver device 506 that aredirected towards the communications interface 501 can be separated fromother signals via diplexer 516. The transmission can then be sent to lownoise amplifier (“LNA”) 518 for amplification. A frequency mixer 520,with help from local oscillator 512 can downshift the transmission(which is in the millimeter-wave band or around 38 GHz in someembodiments) to the native frequency. The communications interface 501can then receive the transmission at an input port (Rx).

In an embodiment, transmitter/receiver device 506 can include acylindrical or non-cylindrical metal (which, for example, can be hollowin an embodiment, but not necessarily drawn to scale) or otherconducting or non-conducting waveguide and an end of the dielectricwaveguide 502 can be placed in or in proximity to the waveguide or thetransmitter/receiver device 506 such that when the transmitter/receiverdevice 506 generates a transmission, the guided wave couples todielectric waveguide 502 and propagates as a guided wave 504 about thewaveguide surface of the dielectric waveguide 502. In some embodiments,the guided wave 504 can propagate in part on the outer surface of thedielectric waveguide 502 and in part inside the dielectric waveguide502. In other embodiments, the guided wave 504 can propagatesubstantially or completely on the outer surface of the dielectricwaveguide 502. In yet other embodiments, the guided wave 504 canpropagate substantially or completely inside the dielectric waveguide502. In this latter embodiment, the guide wave 504 can radiate at an endof the dielectric waveguide 502 (such as the tapered end shown in FIG.4) for coupling to a transmission medium such as a wire 402 of FIG. 4.Similarly, if guided wave 504 is incoming (coupled to the dielectricwaveguide 502 from a wire), guided wave 504 then enters thetransmitter/receiver device 506 and couples to the cylindrical waveguideor conducting waveguide. While transmitter/receiver device 506 is shownto include a separate waveguide—an antenna, cavity resonator, klystron,magnetron, travelling wave tube, or other radiating element can beemployed to induce a guided wave on the waveguide 502, without theseparate waveguide.

In an embodiment, dielectric waveguide 502 can be wholly constructed ofa dielectric material (or another suitable insulating material), withoutany metallic or otherwise conducting materials therein. Dielectricwaveguide 502 can be composed of nylon, Teflon, polyethylene, apolyamide, other plastics, or other materials that are non-conductingand suitable for facilitating transmission of electromagnetic waves atleast in part on an outer surface of such materials. In anotherembodiment, dielectric waveguide 502 can include a core that isconducting/metallic, and have an exterior dielectric surface. Similarly,a transmission medium that couples to the dielectric waveguide 502 forpropagating electromagnetic waves induced by the dielectric waveguide502 or for supplying electromagnetic waves to the dielectric waveguide502 can be wholly constructed of a dielectric material (or anothersuitable insulating material), without any metallic or otherwiseconducting materials therein.

It is noted that although FIG. 5A shows that the opening of transmitterreceiver device 506 is much wider than the dielectric waveguide 502,this is not to scale, and that in other embodiments the width of thedielectric waveguide 502 is comparable or slightly smaller than theopening of the hollow waveguide. It is also not shown, but in anembodiment, an end of the waveguide 502 that is inserted into thetransmitter/receiver device 506 tapers down in order to reducereflection and increase coupling efficiencies.

The transmitter/receiver device 506 can be communicably coupled to acommunications interface 501, and alternatively, transmitter/receiverdevice 506 can also be communicably coupled to the one or moredistributed antennas 112 and 114 shown in FIG. 1. In other embodiments,transmitter receiver device 506 can comprise part of a repeater systemfor a backhaul network.

Before coupling to the dielectric waveguide 502, the one or morewaveguide modes of the guided wave generated by the transmitter/receiverdevice 506 can couple to the dielectric waveguide 502 to induce one ormore wave propagation modes of the guided wave 504. The wave propagationmodes of the guided wave 504 can be different than the hollow metalwaveguide modes due to the different characteristics of the hollow metalwaveguide and the dielectric waveguide. For instance, wave propagationmodes of the guide wave 504 can comprise the fundamental transverseelectromagnetic mode (Quasi-TEM₀₀), where only small electrical and/ormagnetic fields extend in the direction of propagation, and the electricand magnetic fields extend radially outwards from the dielectricwaveguide 502 while the guided waves propagate along the dielectricwaveguide 502. The fundamental transverse electromagnetic mode wavepropagation mode may not exist inside a waveguide that is hollow.Therefore, the hollow metal waveguide modes that are used bytransmitter/receiver device 506 are waveguide modes that can coupleeffectively and efficiently to wave propagation modes of dielectricwaveguide 502.

Turning now to FIG. 6, illustrated is a block diagram illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a dual dielectric waveguide couplingsystem 600 in accordance with various aspects described herein. In anexample embodiment, a coupling module is shown with two or moredielectric waveguides (e.g., 604 and 606) positioned around a wire 602in order to receive guided-wave 608. In an example embodiment, theguided-wave 608 can be characterized as a surface wave or otherelectromagnetic wave. In an example embodiment, one dielectric waveguideis enough to receive the guided-wave 608. In that case, guided-wave 608couples to dielectric waveguide 604 and propagates as guided-wave 610.If the field structure of the guided-wave 608 oscillates or undulatesaround the wire 602 due to various outside factors, then dielectricwaveguide 606 can be placed such that guided-wave 608 couples todielectric waveguide 606. In some embodiments, four or more dielectricwaveguides can be placed around a portion of the wire 602, e.g., at 90degrees or another spacing with respect to each other, in order toreceive guided-waves that may oscillate or rotate around the wire 602,that have been induced at different axial orientations or that havenon-fundamental or higher order modes that, for example, have lobesand/or nulls or other asymmetries that are orientation dependent.However, it will be appreciated that there may be less than or more thanfour dielectric waveguides placed around a portion of the wire 602without departing from example embodiments. It will also be appreciatedthat while some example embodiments have presented a plurality ofdielectric waveguides around at least a portion of a wire 602, thisplurality of dielectric waveguides can also be considered as part of asingle dielectric waveguide system having multiple dielectric waveguidesubcomponents. For example, two or more dielectric waveguides can bemanufactured as single system that can be installed around a wire in asingle installation such that the dielectric waveguides are eitherpre-positioned or adjustable relative to each other (either manually orautomatically) in accordance with the single system. Receivers coupledto dielectric waveguides 606 and 604 can use diversity combining tocombine signals received from both dielectric waveguides 606 and 604 inorder to maximize the signal quality. In other embodiments, if one orthe other of a dielectric waveguide 604 and 606 receives a transmissionthat is above a predetermined threshold, receivers can use selectiondiversity when deciding which signal to use.

It is noted that the graphical representations of waves 608 and 610 arepresented merely to illustrate the principles that guided-wave 608induces or otherwise launches a wave 610 on a dielectric waveguide 604.The actual electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of suchwave propagation may vary depending on the frequencies employed, thedesign of the dielectric waveguide 604, the dimensions and compositionof the wire 602, as well as its surface characteristics, its optionalinsulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surroundingenvironment, etc.

Turning now to FIG. 7, illustrated is a block diagram of an example,non-limiting embodiment of a bidirectional dielectric waveguide couplingsystem 700 in accordance with various aspects described herein. Such asystem 700 implements a transmission device with a coupling module thatincludes two dielectric waveguides 704 and 714 can be placed near a wire702 such that guided-waves (e.g., surface waves or other electromagneticwaves) propagating along the wire 702 are coupled to dielectricwaveguide 704 as wave 706, and then are boosted or repeated by repeaterdevice 710 and launched as a guided-wave 716 onto dielectric waveguide714. The guided-wave 716 can then couple to wire 702 and continue topropagate along the wire 702. In an example embodiment, the repeaterdevice 710 can receive at least a portion of the power utilized forboosting or repeating through magnetic coupling with the wire 702, whichcan be a power line.

In some embodiments, repeater device 710 can repeat the transmissionassociated with wave 706, and in other embodiments, repeater device 710can be associated with a distributed antenna system and/or base stationdevice located near the repeater device 710. Receiver waveguide 708 canreceive the wave 706 from the dielectric waveguide 704 and transmitterwaveguide 712 can launch guided-wave 716 onto dielectric waveguide 714.Between receiver waveguide 708 and transmitter waveguide 712, the signalcan be amplified to correct for signal loss and other inefficienciesassociated with guided-wave communications or the signal can be receivedand processed to extract the data contained therein and regenerated fortransmission. In an example embodiment, a signal can be extracted fromthe transmission and processed and otherwise emitted to mobile devicesnearby via distributed antennas communicably coupled to the repeaterdevice 710. Similarly, signals and/or communications received by thedistributed antennas can be inserted into the transmission that isgenerated and launched onto dielectric waveguide 714 by transmitterwaveguide 712. Accordingly, the repeater system 700 depicted in FIG. 7can be comparable in function to the dielectric waveguide couplingdevice 108 and 110 in FIG. 1.

It is noted that although FIG. 7 shows guided-wave transmissions 706 and716 entering from the left and exiting to the right respectively, thisis merely a simplification and is not intended to be limiting. In otherembodiments, receiver waveguide 708 and transmitter waveguide 712 canalso function as transmitters and receivers respectively, allowing therepeater device 710 to be bi-directional.

In an example embodiment, repeater device 710 can be placed at locationswhere there are discontinuities or obstacles on the wire 702. Theseobstacles can include transformers, connections, utility poles, andother such power line devices. The repeater device 710 can help theguided (e.g., surface) waves jump over these obstacles on the line andboost the transmission power at the same time. In other embodiments, adielectric waveguide can be used to jump over the obstacle without theuse of a repeater device. In that embodiment, both ends of thedielectric waveguide can be tied or fastened to the wire, thus providinga path for the guided-wave to travel without being blocked by theobstacle.

Turning now to FIG. 8, illustrated is a block diagram of an example,non-limiting embodiment of a bidirectional dielectric waveguide coupler800 in accordance with various aspects described herein. Thebidirectional dielectric waveguide coupler 800 implements a transmissiondevice with a coupling module that can employ diversity paths in thecase of when two or more wires are strung between utility poles. Sinceguided-wave transmissions have different transmission efficiencies andcoupling efficiencies for insulated wires and un-insulated wires basedon weather, precipitation and atmospheric conditions, it can beadvantageous to selectively transmit on either an insulated wire orun-insulated wire at certain times.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the repeater device uses a receiverwaveguide 808 to receive a guided-wave traveling along uninsulated wire802 and repeats the transmission using transmitter waveguide 810 as aguided-wave along insulated wire 804. In other embodiments, repeaterdevice can switch from the insulated wire 804 to the un-insulated wire802, or can repeat the transmissions along the same paths. Repeaterdevice 806 can include sensors, or be in communication with sensors thatindicate conditions that can affect the transmission. Based on thefeedback received from the sensors, the repeater device 806 can make thedetermination about whether to keep the transmission along the samewire, or transfer the transmission to the other wire.

Turning now to FIG. 9, illustrated is a block diagram illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a bidirectional repeater system 900.Bidirectional repeater system 900 implements a transmission device witha coupling module that includes waveguide coupling devices 902 and 904that receive and transmit transmissions from other coupling deviceslocated in a distributed antenna system or backhaul system.

In various embodiments, waveguide coupling device 902 can receive atransmission from another waveguide coupling device, wherein thetransmission has a plurality of subcarriers. Diplexer 906 can separatethe transmission from other transmissions, for example by filtration,and direct the transmission to low-noise amplifier (“LNA”) 908. Afrequency mixer 928, with help from a local oscillator 912, candownshift the transmission (which is in the millimeter-wave band oraround 38 GHz in some embodiments) to a lower frequency, whether it is acellular band (˜1.9 GHz) for a distributed antenna system, a nativefrequency, or other frequency for a backhaul system. An extractor 932can extract the signal on the subcarrier that corresponds to the antennaor other output component 922 and direct the signal to the outputcomponent 922. For the signals that are not being extracted at thisantenna location, extractor 932 can redirect them to another frequencymixer 936, where the signals are used to modulate a carrier wavegenerated by local oscillator 914. The carrier wave, with itssubcarriers, is directed to a power amplifier (“PA”) 916 and isretransmitted by waveguide coupling device 904 to another repeatersystem, via diplexer 920.

At the output device 922, a PA 924 can boost the signal for transmissionto the mobile device. An LNA 926 can be used to amplify weak signalsthat are received from the mobile device and then send the signal to amultiplexer 934 which merges the signal with signals that have beenreceived from waveguide coupling device 904. The output device 922 canbe coupled to an antenna in a distributed antenna system or otherantenna via, for example, a diplexer, duplexer or a transmit receiveswitch not specifically shown. The signals received from coupling device904 have been split by diplexer 920, and then passed through LNA 918,and downshifted in frequency by frequency mixer 938. When the signalsare combined by multiplexer 934, they are upshifted in frequency byfrequency mixer 930, and then boosted by PA 910, and transmitted back tothe launcher or on to another repeater by waveguide coupling device 902.In an example embodiment, the bidirectional repeater system 900 can bejust a repeater without the antenna/output device 922. It will beappreciated that in some embodiments, a bidirectional repeater system900 could also be implemented using two distinct and separateuni-directional repeaters. In an alternative embodiment, a bidirectionalrepeater system 900 could also be a booster or otherwise performretransmissions without downshifting and upshifting. Indeed in exampleembodiment, the retransmissions can be based upon receiving a signal orguided-wave and performing some signal or guided-wave processing orreshaping, filtering, and/or amplification, prior to retransmission ofthe signal or guided-wave.

FIG. 10 illustrates a process in connection with the aforementionedsystems. The process in FIG. 10 can be implemented for example bysystems 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900 illustrated inFIGS. 1-9 respectively. While for purposes of simplicity of explanation,the methods are shown and described as a series of blocks, it is to beunderstood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is notlimited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur indifferent orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what isdepicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks maybe required to implement the methods described hereinafter.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limitingembodiment of a method for transmitting a transmission with a dielectricwaveguide coupler as described herein. Method 1000 can begin at 1002where a first electromagnetic wave is emitted by a transmission devicethat propagates at least in part on a waveguide surface of a waveguide,wherein the waveguide surface of the waveguide does not surround inwhole or in substantial part a wire surface of a wire. The transmissionthat is generated by a transmitter can be based on a signal receivedfrom a base station device, access point, network or a mobile device.

At 1004, based upon configuring the waveguide in proximity of the wire,the guided-wave then couples at least a part of the firstelectromagnetic wave to a wire surface, forming a second electromagneticwave (e.g., a surface wave) that propagates at least partially aroundthe wire surface, wherein the wire is in proximity to the waveguide.This can be done in response to positioning a portion of the dielectricwaveguide (e.g., a tangent of a curve of the dielectric waveguide) nearand parallel to the wire, wherein a wavelength of the electromagneticwave is smaller than a circumference of the wire and the dielectricwaveguide. The guided-wave, or surface wave, stays parallel to the wireeven as the wire bends and flexes. Bends can increase transmissionlosses, which are also dependent on wire diameters, frequency, andmaterials. The coupling interface between the wire and the waveguide canalso be configured to achieve the desired level of coupling, asdescribed herein, which can include tapering an end of the waveguide toimprove impedance matching between the waveguide and the wire.

The transmission that is emitted by the transmitter can exhibit one ormore waveguide modes. The waveguide modes can be dependent on the shapeand/or design of the waveguide. The propagation modes on the wire can bedifferent than the waveguide modes due to the different characteristicsof the waveguide and the wire. When the circumference of the wire iscomparable in size to, or greater, than a wavelength of thetransmission, the guided-wave exhibits multiple wave propagation modes.The guided-wave can therefore comprise more than one type of electricand magnetic field configuration. As the guided-wave (e.g., surfacewave) propagates down the wire, the electrical and magnetic fieldconfigurations may remain substantially the same from end to end of thewire or vary as the transmission traverses the wave by rotation,dispersion, attenuation or other effects.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is illustrated a block diagram of acomputing environment in accordance with various aspects describedherein. In order to provide additional context for various embodimentsof the embodiments described herein, FIG. 11 and the followingdiscussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of asuitable computing environment 1100 in which the various embodiments ofthe embodiment described herein can be implemented. While theembodiments have been described above in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions that can be run on one or morecomputers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodimentscan be also implemented in combination with other program modules and/oras a combination of hardware and software.

Generally, program modules comprise routines, programs, components, datastructures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, comprising single-processor or multiprocessor computersystems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can beoperatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and so forth, as used in theclaims, unless otherwise clear by context, is for clarity only anddoesn't otherwise indicate or imply any order in time. For instance, “afirst determination,” “a second determination,” and “a thirddetermination,” does not indicate or imply that the first determinationis to be made before the second determination, or vice versa, etc.

The illustrated embodiments of the embodiments herein can be alsopracticed in distributed computing environments where certain tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. In a distributed computing environment, programmodules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices typically comprise a variety of media, which cancomprise computer-readable storage media and/or communications media,which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured dataor unstructured data.

Computer-readable storage media can comprise, but are not limited to,random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electricallyerasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or othermemory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), digitalversatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devicesor other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to storedesired information. In this regard, the terms “tangible” or“non-transitory” herein as applied to storage, memory orcomputer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude onlypropagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquishrights to all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media thatare not only propagating transitory signals per se.

Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local orremote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or otherdata retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect tothe information stored by the medium.

Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructureddata in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrierwave or other transport mechanism, and comprise any information deliveryor transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refersto a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changedin such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By wayof example, and not limitation, communication media comprise wiredmedia, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wirelessmedia such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

With reference again to FIG. 11, the example environment 1100 fortransmitting and receiving signals via base station (e.g., base stationdevices 104 and 508) and repeater devices (e.g., repeater devices 710,806, and 900) comprises a computer 1102, the computer 1102 comprising aprocessing unit 1104, a system memory 1106 and a system bus 1108. Thesystem bus 1108 couples system components including, but not limited to,the system memory 1106 to the processing unit 1104. The processing unit1104 can be any of various commercially available processors. Dualmicroprocessors and other multi-processor architectures can also beemployed as the processing unit 1104.

The system bus 1108 can be any of several types of bus structure thatcan further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memorycontroller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety ofcommercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1106comprises ROM 1110 and RAM 1112. A basic input/output system (BIOS) canbe stored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmableread only memory (EPROM), EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routinesthat help to transfer information between elements within the computer1102, such as during startup. The RAM 1112 can also comprise ahigh-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 1102 further comprises an internal hard disk drive (HDD)1114 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive 1114 can also beconfigured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), amagnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 1116, (e.g., to read from or write to aremovable diskette 1118) and an optical disk drive 1120, (e.g., readinga CD-ROM disk 1122 or, to read from or write to other high capacityoptical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive 1114, magnetic diskdrive 1116 and optical disk drive 1120 can be connected to the systembus 1108 by a hard disk drive interface 1124, a magnetic disk driveinterface 1126 and an optical drive interface 1128, respectively. Theinterface 1124 for external drive implementations comprises at least oneor both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394 interface technologies. Other externaldrive connection technologies are within contemplation of theembodiments described herein.

The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 1102, the drives andstorage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digitalformat. Although the description of computer-readable storage mediaabove refers to a hard disk drive (HDD), a removable magnetic diskette,and a removable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should beappreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of storagemedia which are readable by a computer, such as zip drives, magneticcassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and the like, can also beused in the example operating environment, and further, that any suchstorage media can contain computer-executable instructions forperforming the methods described herein.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1112,comprising an operating system 1130, one or more application programs1132, other program modules 1134 and program data 1136. All or portionsof the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also becached in the RAM 1112. The systems and methods described herein can beimplemented utilizing various commercially available operating systemsor combinations of operating systems. Examples of application programs1132 that can be implemented and otherwise executed by processing unit1104 include the diversity selection determining performed by repeaterdevice 806. Base station device 508 shown in FIG. 5, also has stored onmemory many applications and programs that can be executed by processingunit 1104 in this exemplary computing environment 1100.

A user can enter commands and information into the computer 1102 throughone or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 1138 and apointing device, such as a mouse 1140. Other input devices (not shown)can comprise a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a joystick,a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen or the like. These and otherinput devices are often connected to the processing unit 1104 through aninput device interface 1142 that can be coupled to the system bus 1108,but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, anIEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a universal serial bus (USB) port,an IR interface, etc.

A monitor 1144 or other type of display device can be also connected tothe system bus 1108 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1146. Itwill also be appreciated that in alternative embodiments, a monitor 1144can also be any display device (e.g., another computer having a display,a smart phone, a tablet computer, etc.) for receiving displayinformation associated with computer 1102 via any communication means,including via the Internet and cloud-based networks. In addition to themonitor 1144, a computer typically comprises other peripheral outputdevices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

The computer 1102 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 1148. The remotecomputer(s) 1148 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentappliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typicallycomprises many or all of the elements described relative to the computer1102, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device1150 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted comprisewired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 1152 and/orlarger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 1154. Such LAN and WANnetworking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, andfacilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all ofwhich can connect to a global communications network, e.g., theInternet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1102 can beconnected to the local network 1152 through a wired and/or wirelesscommunication network interface or adapter 1156. The adapter 1156 canfacilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 1152, which canalso comprise a wireless AP disposed thereon for communicating with thewireless adapter 1156.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1102 cancomprise a modem 1158 or can be connected to a communications server onthe WAN 1154 or has other means for establishing communications over theWAN 1154, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1158, which can beinternal or external and a wired or wireless device, can be connected tothe system bus 1108 via the input device interface 1142. In a networkedenvironment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 1102 orportions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device1150. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown areexample and other means of establishing a communications link betweenthe computers can be used.

The computer 1102 can be operable to communicate with any wirelessdevices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication,e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portabledata assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment orlocation associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk,news stand, restroom), and telephone. This can comprise WirelessFidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, thecommunication can be a predefined structure as with a conventionalnetwork or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.

Wi-Fi can allow connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bedin a hotel room or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is awireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enablessuch devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out;anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radiotechnologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, n, ac, etc.) to providesecure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can beused to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wirednetworks (which can use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operatein the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands for example or with productsthat contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can providereal-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernetnetworks used in many offices.

FIG. 12 presents an example embodiment 1200 of a mobile network platform1210 that can implement and exploit one or more aspects of the disclosedsubject matter described herein. In one or more embodiments, the mobilenetwork platform 1210 can generate and receive signals transmitted andreceived by base stations (e.g., base station devices 104 and 508) andrepeater devices (e.g., repeater devices 710, 806, and 900) associatedwith the disclosed subject matter. Generally, wireless network platform1210 can comprise components, e.g., nodes, gateways, interfaces,servers, or disparate platforms, that facilitate both packet-switched(PS) (e.g., internet protocol (IP), frame relay, asynchronous transfermode (ATM)) and circuit-switched (CS) traffic (e.g., voice and data), aswell as control generation for networked wireless telecommunication. Asa non-limiting example, wireless network platform 1210 can be includedin telecommunications carrier networks, and can be consideredcarrier-side components as discussed elsewhere herein. Mobile networkplatform 1210 comprises CS gateway node(s) 1212 which can interface CStraffic received from legacy networks like telephony network(s) 1240(e.g., public switched telephone network (PSTN), or public land mobilenetwork (PLMN)) or a signaling system #7 (SS7) network 1260. Circuitswitched gateway node(s) 1212 can authorize and authenticate traffic(e.g., voice) arising from such networks. Additionally, CS gatewaynode(s) 1212 can access mobility, or roaming, data generated through SS7network 1260; for instance, mobility data stored in a visited locationregister (VLR), which can reside in memory 1230. Moreover, CS gatewaynode(s) 1212 interfaces CS-based traffic and signaling and PS gatewaynode(s) 1218. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, CS gateway node(s)1212 can be realized at least in part in gateway GPRS support node(s)(GGSN). It should be appreciated that functionality and specificoperation of CS gateway node(s) 1212, PS gateway node(s) 1218, andserving node(s) 1216, is provided and dictated by radio technology(ies)utilized by mobile network platform 1210 for telecommunication.

In addition to receiving and processing CS-switched traffic andsignaling, PS gateway node(s) 1218 can authorize and authenticatePS-based data sessions with served mobile devices. Data sessions cancomprise traffic, or content(s), exchanged with networks external to thewireless network platform 1210, like wide area network(s) (WANs) 1250,enterprise network(s) 1270, and service network(s) 1280, which can beembodied in local area network(s) (LANs), can also be interfaced withmobile network platform 1210 through PS gateway node(s) 1218. It is tobe noted that WANs 1250 and enterprise network(s) 1270 can embody, atleast in part, a service network(s) like IP multimedia subsystem (IMS).Based on radio technology layer(s) available in technology resource(s),packet-switched gateway node(s) 1218 can generate packet data protocolcontexts when a data session is established; other data structures thatfacilitate routing of packetized data also can be generated. To thatend, in an aspect, PS gateway node(s) 1218 can comprise a tunnelinterface (e.g., tunnel termination gateway (TTG) in 3GPP UMTSnetwork(s) (not shown)) which can facilitate packetized communicationwith disparate wireless network(s), such as Wi-Fi networks.

In embodiment 1200, wireless network platform 1210 also comprisesserving node(s) 1216 that, based upon available radio technologylayer(s) within technology resource(s), convey the various packetizedflows of data streams received through PS gateway node(s) 1218. It is tobe noted that for technology resource(s) that rely primarily on CScommunication, server node(s) can deliver traffic without reliance on PSgateway node(s) 1218; for example, server node(s) can embody at least inpart a mobile switching center. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network,serving node(s) 1216 can be embodied in serving GPRS support node(s)(SGSN).

For radio technologies that exploit packetized communication, server(s)1214 in wireless network platform 1210 can execute numerous applicationsthat can generate multiple disparate packetized data streams or flows,and manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format . . . ) such flows. Suchapplication(s) can comprise add-on features to standard services (forexample, provisioning, billing, customer support . . . ) provided bywireless network platform 1210. Data streams (e.g., content(s) that arepart of a voice call or data session) can be conveyed to PS gatewaynode(s) 1218 for authorization/authentication and initiation of a datasession, and to serving node(s) 1216 for communication thereafter. Inaddition to application server, server(s) 1214 can comprise utilityserver(s), a utility server can comprise a provisioning server, anoperations and maintenance server, a security server that can implementat least in part a certificate authority and firewalls as well as othersecurity mechanisms, and the like. In an aspect, security server(s)secure communication served through wireless network platform 1210 toensure network's operation and data integrity in addition toauthorization and authentication procedures that CS gateway node(s) 1212and PS gateway node(s) 1218 can enact. Moreover, provisioning server(s)can provision services from external network(s) like networks operatedby a disparate service provider; for instance, WAN 1250 or GlobalPositioning System (GPS) network(s) (not shown). Provisioning server(s)can also provision coverage through networks associated to wirelessnetwork platform 1210 (e.g., deployed and operated by the same serviceprovider), such as the distributed antennas networks shown in FIG. 1(s)that enhance wireless service coverage by providing more networkcoverage. Repeater devices such as those shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 alsoimprove network coverage in order to enhance subscriber serviceexperience by way of UE 1275.

It is to be noted that server(s) 1214 can comprise one or moreprocessors configured to confer at least in part the functionality ofmacro network platform 1210. To that end, the one or more processor canexecute code instructions stored in memory 1230, for example. It isshould be appreciated that server(s) 1214 can comprise a contentmanager, which operates in substantially the same manner as describedhereinbefore.

In example embodiment 1200, memory 1230 can store information related tooperation of wireless network platform 1210. Other operationalinformation can comprise provisioning information of mobile devicesserved through wireless platform network 1210, subscriber databases;application intelligence, pricing schemes, e.g., promotional rates,flat-rate programs, couponing campaigns; technical specification(s)consistent with telecommunication protocols for operation of disparateradio, or wireless, technology layers; and so forth. Memory 1230 canalso store information from at least one of telephony network(s) 1240,WAN 1250, enterprise network(s) 1270, or SS7 network 1260. In an aspect,memory 1230 can be, for example, accessed as part of a data storecomponent or as a remotely connected memory store.

In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the disclosedsubject matter, FIG. 12, and the following discussion, are intended toprovide a brief, general description of a suitable environment in whichthe various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented.While the subject matter has been described above in the general contextof computer-executable instructions of a computer program that runs on acomputer and/or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe disclosed subject matter also can be implemented in combination withother program modules. Generally, program modules comprise routines,programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particulartasks and/or implement particular abstract data types.

Turning now to FIGS. 13a, 13b, and 13c , illustrated are block diagramsof example, non-limiting embodiments of a slotted waveguide couplersystem 1300 in accordance with various aspects described herein. Inparticular, cross sections of various waveguides are presented near thejunction where the waveguide launches a guided-wave along a wire. InFIG. 13a , the waveguide coupler system comprises a wire 1306 that ispositioned with respect to a waveguide 1302, such that the wire 1306fits within or near a slot formed in the waveguide 1302 that runslongitudinally with respect to the wire 1306. The opposing ends 1304 aand 1304 b of the waveguide 1302, and the waveguide 1302 itself,surrounds less than 180 degrees of the wire surface of the wire 1306.

In FIG. 13b the waveguide coupler system comprises a wire 1314 that ispositioned with respect to a waveguide 1308, such that the wire 1314fits within or near a slot formed in the waveguide 1308 that runslongitudinally with respect to the wire 1314. The slot surfaces of thewaveguide 1308 can be non-parallel, and two different exemplaryembodiments are shown in FIG. 13b . In the first, slot surfaces 1310 aand 1310 b can be non-parallel and aim outwards, slightly wider than thewidth of the wire 1314. In the other embodiment, the slots surfaces 1312a and 1312 b can still be non-parallel, but narrow to form a slotopening smaller than a width of the wire 1314. Any range of angles ofthe non-parallel slot surfaces are possible, of which these are twoexemplary embodiments.

In FIG. 13c , the waveguide coupler system shows a wire 1320 that fitswithin a slot formed in waveguide 1316. The slot surfaces 1318 a and1318 b in this exemplary embodiment can be parallel, but the axis 1326of the wire 1320 is not aligned with the axis 1324 of the waveguide1316. The waveguide 1316 and the wire 1320 are therefore not coaxiallyaligned. In another embodiment, shown, a possible position of the wireat 1322 also has an axis 1328 that is not aligned with the axis 1324 ofthe waveguide 1316.

It is to be appreciated that while three different embodiments showinga) waveguide surfaces that surround less than 180 degrees of the wire,b) non parallel slot surfaces, and c) coaxially unaligned wires andwaveguide were shown separately in FIGS. 13a, 13b, and 13c , in variousembodiments, diverse combinations of the listed features are possible.

Turning now to FIG. 14, illustrated is an example, non-limitingembodiment of a waveguide coupling system 1400 in accordance withvarious aspects described herein. FIG. 14 depicts a cross sectionalrepresentation of the waveguide and wire embodiments shown in FIGS. 2,3, 4, etc. As can be seen in 1400, the wire 1404 can be positioneddirectly next to and touching waveguide 1402. In other embodiments, asshown in waveguide coupling system 1410 in FIG. 14b , the wire 1414 canstill be placed near, but not actually touching waveguide strip 1412. Inboth cases, electromagnetic waves traveling along the waveguides caninduce other electromagnetic waves on to the wires and vice versa. Also,in both embodiments, the wires 1404 and 1414 are placed outside thecross-sectional area defined by the outer surfaces of waveguides 1402and 1412.

For the purposes of this disclosure, a waveguide does not surround, insubstantial part, a wire surface of a wire when the waveguide does notsurround an axial region of the surface, when viewed in cross-section,of more than 180 degrees. For avoidance of doubt, a waveguide does notsurround, in substantial part a surface of a wire when the waveguidesurrounds an axial region of the surface, when viewed in cross-section,of 180 degrees or less.

It is to be appreciated that while FIGS. 14 and 14 b show wires 1404 and1414 having a circular shape and waveguides 1402 and 1412 havingrectangular shapes, this is not meant to be limiting. In otherembodiments, wires and waveguides can have a variety of shapes, sizes,and configurations. The shapes can include, but not be limited to: ovalsor other ellipsoid shapes, octagons, quadrilaterals or other polygonswith either sharp or rounded edges, or other shapes. Additionally, insome embodiments, the wires 1404 and 1414 can be stranded wirescomprising smaller gauge wires, such as a helical strand, braid or othercoupling of individual strands into a single wire. Any of wires andwaveguides shown in the figures and described throughout this disclosurecan include one or more of these embodiments.

In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “datastore,” data storage,” “database,” and substantially any otherinformation storage component relevant to operation and functionality ofa component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a“memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciatedthat the memory components described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory, or can comprise both volatile andnonvolatile memory, by way of illustration, and not limitation, volatilememory, non-volatile memory, disk storage, and memory storage. Further,nonvolatile memory can be included in read only memory (ROM),programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory cancomprise random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cachememory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available inmany forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM),synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhancedSDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methodsherein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising,these and any other suitable types of memory.

Moreover, it will be noted that the disclosed subject matter can bepracticed with other computer system configurations, comprisingsingle-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini-computingdevices, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-heldcomputing devices (e.g., PDA, phone, watch, tablet computers, netbookcomputers, etc.), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer orindustrial electronics, and the like. The illustrated aspects can alsobe practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network; however, some if not all aspects of the subjectdisclosure can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributedcomputing environment, program modules can be located in both local andremote memory storage devices.

Some of the embodiments described herein can also employ artificialintelligence (AI) to facilitate automating one or more featuresdescribed herein. For example, artificial intelligence can be used todetermine positions around a wire that dielectric waveguides 604 and 606should be placed in order to maximize transfer efficiency. Theembodiments (e.g., in connection with automatically identifying acquiredcell sites that provide a maximum value/benefit after addition to anexisting communication network) can employ various AI-based schemes forcarrying out various embodiments thereof. Moreover, the classifier canbe employed to determine a ranking or priority of the each cell site ofthe acquired network. A classifier is a function that maps an inputattribute vector, x=(x1, x2, x3, x4, . . . , xn), to a confidence thatthe input belongs to a class, that is, f(x)=confidence(class). Suchclassification can employ a probabilistic and/or statistical-basedanalysis (e.g., factoring into the analysis utilities and costs) toprognose or infer an action that a user desires to be automaticallyperformed. A support vector machine (SVM) is an example of a classifierthat can be employed. The SVM operates by finding a hypersurface in thespace of possible inputs, which the hypersurface attempts to split thetriggering criteria from the non-triggering events. Intuitively, thismakes the classification correct for testing data that is near, but notidentical to training data. Other directed and undirected modelclassification approaches comprise, e.g., naïve Bayes, Bayesiannetworks, decision trees, neural networks, fuzzy logic models, andprobabilistic classification models providing different patterns ofindependence that can be employed. Classification as used herein also isinclusive of statistical regression that is utilized to develop modelsof priority.

As will be readily appreciated, one or more of the embodiments canemploy classifiers that are explicitly trained (e.g., via a generictraining data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g., via observing UEbehavior, operator preferences, historical information, receivingextrinsic information). For example, SVMs can be configured via alearning or training phase within a classifier constructor and featureselection module. Thus, the classifier(s) can be used to automaticallylearn and perform a number of functions, including but not limited todetermining according to a predetermined criteria which of the acquiredcell sites will benefit a maximum number of subscribers and/or which ofthe acquired cell sites will add minimum value to the existingcommunication network coverage, etc.

As used in some contexts in this application, in some embodiments, theterms “component”, “system” and the like are intended to refer to, orcomprise, a computer-related entity or an entity related to anoperational apparatus with one or more specific functionalities, whereinthe entity can be either hardware, a combination of hardware andsoftware, software, or software in execution. As an example, a componentmay be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, aprocessor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution,computer-executable instructions, a program, and/or a computer. By wayof illustration and not limitation, both an application running on aserver and the server can be a component. One or more components mayreside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component maybe localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or morecomputers. In addition, these components can execute from variouscomputer readable media having various data structures stored thereon.The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such asin accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., datafrom one component interacting with another component in a local system,distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet withother systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be anapparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical partsoperated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by asoftware or firmware application executed by a processor, wherein theprocessor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes atleast a part of the software or firmware application. As yet anotherexample, a component can be an apparatus that provides specificfunctionality through electronic components without mechanical parts,the electronic components can comprise a processor therein to executesoftware or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality ofthe electronic components. While various components have beenillustrated as separate components, it will be appreciated that multiplecomponents can be implemented as a single component, or a singlecomponent can be implemented as multiple components, without departingfrom example embodiments.

Further, the various embodiments can be implemented as a method,apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/orengineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware or anycombination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosedsubject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein isintended to encompass a computer program accessible from anycomputer-readable device or computer-readable storage/communicationsmedia. For example, computer readable storage media can include, but arenot limited to, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk,magnetic strips), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digitalversatile disk (DVD)), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g.,card, stick, key drive). Of course, those skilled in the art willrecognize many modifications can be made to this configuration withoutdeparting from the scope or spirit of the various embodiments.

In addition, the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein to meanserving as an instance or illustration. Any embodiment or designdescribed herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to beconstrued as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments ordesigns. Rather, use of the word example or exemplary is intended topresent concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, theterm “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive“or”. That is, unless specified otherwise or clear from context, “Xemploys A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusivepermutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both Aand B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoinginstances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in thisapplication and the appended claims should generally be construed tomean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context tobe directed to a singular form.

Moreover, terms such as “user equipment,” “mobile station,” “mobile,”subscriber station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” “mobiledevice” (and/or terms representing similar terminology) can refer to awireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wirelesscommunication service to receive or convey data, control, voice, video,sound, gaming or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. Theforegoing terms are utilized interchangeably herein and with referenceto the related drawings.

Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer” andthe like are employed interchangeably throughout, unless contextwarrants particular distinctions among the terms. It should beappreciated that such terms can refer to human entities or automatedcomponents supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacityto make inference based, at least, on complex mathematical formalisms),which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth.

As employed herein, the term “processor” can refer to substantially anycomputing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited tocomprising, single-core processors; single-processors with softwaremultithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-coreprocessors with software multithread execution capability; multi-coreprocessors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; andparallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, aprocessor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), acomplex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistorlogic, discrete hardware components or any combination thereof designedto perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploitnano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular andquantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimizespace usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor canalso be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

Turning now to FIG. 15, a block diagram is shown illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a guided-wave communication system1550. In operation, a transmission device 1500 receives one or morecommunication signals 1510 from a communication network or othercommunications device that include data and generates guided-waves 1520to convey the data via the transmission media 1525 to the transmissiondevice 1502. The transmission device 1502 receives the guided-waves 1520and converts them to communication signals 1512 that include the datafor transmission to a communications network or other communicationsdevice. The communication network or networks can include a wirelesscommunication network such as a cellular voice and data network, awireless local area network, a satellite communications network, apersonal area network or other wireless network. The communicationnetwork or networks can include a wired communication network such as atelephone network, an Ethernet network, a local area network, a widearea network such as the Internet, a broadband access network, a cablenetwork, a fiber optic network, or other wired network. Thecommunication devices can include a network edge device, bridge deviceor home gateway, a set-top box, broadband modem, telephone adapter,access point, base station, or other fixed communication device, amobile communication device such as an automotive gateway, laptopcomputer, tablet, smartphone, cellular telephone, or other communicationdevice.

In an example embodiment, the guided-wave communication system 1550 canoperate in a bi-directional fashion where transmission device 1500receives one or more communication signals 1512 from a communicationnetwork or device that includes other data and generates guided-waves1522 to convey the other data via the transmission media 1525 to thetransmission device 1500. In this mode of operation, the transmissiondevice 1502 receives the guided-waves 1522 and converts them tocommunication signals 1510 that include the other data for transmissionto a communications network or device.

The transmission medium 1525 can include a wire or other conductor orinner portion having at least one inner portion surrounded by adielectric material, the dielectric material having an outer surface anda corresponding circumference. In an example embodiment, thetransmission medium 1525 operates as a single-wire transmission line toguide the transmission of an electromagnetic wave. When the transmissionmedium 1525 is implemented as a single wire transmission system, it caninclude a wire. The wire can be insulated or uninsulated, andsingle-stranded or multi-stranded. In other embodiments, thetransmission medium 1525 can contain conductors of other shapes orconfigurations including wire bundles, cables, rods, rails, pipes. Inaddition, the transmission medium 1525 can include non-conductors suchas dielectric pipes, rods, rails, or other dielectric members;combinations of conductors and dielectric materials or other guided-wavetransmission media. It should be noted that the transmission medium 1525can otherwise include any of the transmission media previously discussedin conjunction with FIGS. 1-14.

According to an example embodiment, the guided-waves 1520 and 1522 canbe contrasted with radio transmissions over free space/air orconventional propagation of electrical power or signals through theconductor of a wire. In particular, guided-waves 1520 and 1522 aresurface waves and other electromagnetic waves that surround all or partof the surface of the transmission medium and propagate with low lossalong the transmission medium from transmission device 1500 totransmission device 1502, and vice versa. The guided-waves 1520 and 1522can have a field structure (e.g., an electromagnetic field structure)that lies primarily or substantially outside of the transmission medium1525. In addition to the propagation of guided-waves 1520 and 1522, thetransmission medium 1525 may optionally contain one or more wires thatpropagate electrical power or other communication signals in aconventional manner as a part of one or more electrical circuits.

Turning now to FIG. 16, a block diagram is shown illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a transmission device 1500 or 1502.The transmission device 1500 or 1502 includes a communications interface(I/F) 1600, a transceiver 1610 and a coupler 1620.

In an example of operation, the communications interface 1600 receives acommunication signal 1510 or 1512 that includes first data. In variousembodiments, the communications interface 1600 can include a wirelessinterface for receiving a wireless communication signal in accordancewith a wireless standard protocol such as LTE or other cellular voiceand data protocol, an 802.11 protocol, WIMAX protocol, Ultra Widebandprotocol, Bluetooth protocol, Zigbee protocol, a direct broadcastsatellite (DBS) or other satellite communication protocol or otherwireless protocol. In addition or in the alternative, the communicationsinterface 1600 includes a wired interface that operates in accordancewith an Ethernet protocol, universal serial bus (USB) protocol, a dataover cable service interface specification (DOCSIS) protocol, a digitalsubscriber line (DSL) protocol, a Firewire (IEEE 1394) protocol, orother wired protocol. In additional to standards-based protocols, thecommunications interface 1600 can operate in conjunction with otherwired or wireless protocol. In addition, the communications interface1600 can optionally operate in conjunction with a protocol stack thatincludes multiple protocol layers.

In an example of operation, the transceiver 1610 generates a firstelectromagnetic wave based on the communication signal 1510 or 1512 toconvey the first data. The first electromagnetic wave has at least onecarrier frequency and at least one corresponding wavelength. In variousembodiments, the transceiver 1610 is a microwave transceiver thatoperates at a carrier frequency with a corresponding wavelength that isless than the circumference of the transmission medium 1525. The carrierfrequency can be within a millimeter-wave frequency band of 30 GHz-300GHz or a lower frequency band of 3 GHz-30 GHz in the microwave frequencyband. In one mode of operation, the transceiver 1610 merely upconvertsthe communications signal or signals 1510 or 1512 for transmission ofthe first electromagnetic signal in the microwave or millimeter-waveband. In another mode of operation, the communications interface 1600either converts the communication signal 1510 or 1512 to a baseband ornear baseband signal or extracts the first data from the communicationsignal 1510 or 1512 and the transceiver 1610 modulates the first data,the baseband or near baseband signal for transmission.

In an example of operation, the coupler 1620 couples the firstelectromagnetic wave to the transmission medium 1525. The coupler 1620can be implemented via a dielectric waveguide coupler or any of thecouplers and coupling devices described in conjunction with FIGS. 1-14.In an example embodiment, the transmission medium 1525 includes a wireor other inner element surrounded by a dielectric material having anouter surface. The dielectric material can include an insulating jacket,a dielectric coating or other dielectric on the outer surface of thetransmission medium 1525. The inner portion can include a dielectric orother insulator, a conductor, air or other gas or void, or one or moreconductors.

In an example of operation, the coupling of the first electromagneticwave to the transmission medium 1525 forms a second electromagnetic wavethat is guided to propagate along the outer surface of the dielectricmaterial of the transmission medium via at least one guided-wave modethat includes an asymmetric mode and optionally one or more other modesincluding a fundamental (symmetric) mode or other asymmetric(non-fundamental) mode. The outer surface of the dielectric material canbe the outer surface of an insulating jacket, dielectric coating, orother dielectric. In an example embodiment, the first electromagneticwave generated by the transceiver 1610 is guided to propagate along thecoupler via at least one guided-wave mode that includes a symmetric modeand wherein a junction between the coupler and the transmission mediuminduces the asymmetric mode of the second electromagnetic wave andoptionally a symmetric mode of the second electromagnetic wave.

In an example embodiment, the transmission medium 1525 is a single wiretransmission medium having an outer surface and a correspondingcircumference and the coupler 1620 couples the first electromagneticwave to the single wire transmission medium. In particular, the couplingof the first electromagnetic wave to the single wire transmission mediumforms a second electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate alongthe outer surface of the single wire transmission medium via at leastone guided-wave mode that includes at least one asymmetric mode andoptionally a symmetric mode and other asymmetric modes, wherein thecarrier frequency in within a microwave or millimeter-wave frequencyband and wherein the corresponding wavelength is less than thecircumference of the single wire transmission medium. In one mode ofoperation, the first electromagnetic wave is guided to propagate alongthe coupler via at least one guided-wave mode that includes a symmetricmode and a junction between the coupler and the transmission mediuminduces both the asymmetric mode of the second electromagnetic wave and,when present, the symmetric mode of the second electromagnetic wave.

While the prior description has focused on the operation of thetransceiver 1610 as a transmitter, the transceiver 1610 can also operateto receive electromagnetic waves that convey second data from the singlewire transmission medium via the coupler 1620 and to generatedcommunications signals 1510 or 1512, via communications interface 1600that includes the second data. Consider embodiments where a thirdelectromagnetic wave conveys second data that also propagates along theouter surface of the dielectric material of the transmission medium1525. The coupler 1620 also couples the third electromagnetic wave fromthe transmission medium 1525 to form a fourth electromagnetic wave. Thetransceiver 1610 receives the fourth electromagnetic wave and generatesa second communication signal that includes the second data. Thecommunication interface 1600 sends the second communication signal to acommunication network or a communications device.

Turning now to FIG. 17, a diagram is shown illustrating an example,non-limiting embodiment of an electromagnetic field distribution. Inthis embodiment, a transmission medium 1525 in air includes an innerconductor 1700 and an insulating jacket 1702 of dielectric material, isshown in cross section. The diagram includes different gray-scales thatrepresent differing electromagnetic field strengths generated by thepropagation of the guided-wave having an asymmetric mode. Theguided-wave has a field structure that lies primarily or substantiallyoutside of the transmission medium 1525 that serves to guide the wave.The regions inside the conductor 1700 have little or no field. Likewiseregions inside the insulating jacket 1702 have low field strength. Themajority of the electromagnetic field strength is distributed in thelobes 1704 at the outer surface of the insulating jacket 1702 and inclose proximity thereof. The presence of an asymmetric guided-wave modeis shown by the high electromagnetic field strengths at the top andbottom of the outer surface of the insulating jacket 1702—as opposed tovery small field strengths on the other sides of the insulating jacket1702.

The example shown corresponds to a 38 GHz wave guided by a wire with adiameter of 1.1 cm and a dielectric insulation of thickness of 0.36 cm.Because the electromagnetic wave is guided by the transmission medium1525 and the majority of the field strength is concentrated in the airoutside of the insulating jacket 1702 within a limited distance of theouter surface, the guided-wave can propagate longitudinally down thetransmission medium 1525 with very low loss. In the example shown, this“limited distance” corresponds to a distance from the outer surface thatis less than half the largest cross sectional dimension of thetransmission medium 1525. In this case, the largest cross sectionaldimension of the wire corresponds to the overall diameter of 1.82 cm,however other this value can vary with the size and shape of thetransmission medium 1525. For example, should the transmission medium beof rectangular shape with a height of 0.3 cm and a width of 0.4 cm, thelargest cross sectional dimension would be the diagonal of 0.5 cm andthe corresponding limited distance would be 0.25 cm.

In an example embodiment, this particular asymmetric mode of propagationis induced on the transmission medium 1525 by an electromagnetic wavehaving a frequency that falls within a limited range (such as +25%) ofthe lower cut-off frequency of the asymmetric mode. For embodiments asshown that include an inner conductor 1700 surrounded by a insulatingjacket 1702, this cutoff frequency can vary based on the dimensions andproperties of the insulating jacket 1702 and potentially the dimensionsand properties of the inner conductor 1700 and can be determinedexperimentally to have a desired mode pattern. It should be notedhowever, that similar effects can be found for a hollow dielectric orinsulator without an inner conductor. In this case, the cutoff frequencycan vary based on the dimensions and properties of the hollow dielectricor insulator.

At frequencies lower than the lower cut-off frequency, the asymmetricmode is difficult to induce in the transmission medium 1525 and fails topropagate for all but trivial distances. As the frequency increasesabove the limited range of frequencies about the cut-off frequency, theasymmetric mode shifts more and more inward of the insulating jacket1702. At frequencies much larger than the cut-off frequency, the fieldstrength is no longer concentrated outside of the insulating jacket, butprimarily inside of the insulating jacket 1702. While the transmissionmedium 1525 provides strong guidance to the electromagnetic wave andpropagation is still possible, ranges are more limited by increasedlosses due to propagation within the insulating jacket 1702—as opposedto the surrounding air.

Turning now to FIG. 18, a diagram is shown illustrating example,non-limiting embodiments of various electromagnetic field distributions.In particular, a cross section diagram 1800, similar to FIG. 17 is shownwith common reference numerals used to refer to similar elements. Theexample shown in cross section 1800 corresponds to a 60 GHz wave guidedby a wire with a diameter of 1.1 cm and a dielectric insulation ofthickness of 0.36 cm. Because the frequency of the wave is above thelimited range of the cut-off frequency, the asymmetric mode has shiftedinward of the insulating jacket 1702. In particular, the field strengthis concentrated primarily inside of the insulating jacket 1702. Whilethe transmission medium 1525 provides strong guidance to theelectromagnetic wave and propagation is still possible, ranges are morelimited when compared with the embodiment of FIG. 17, by increasedlosses due to propagation within the insulating jacket 1702.

The diagrams 1802, 1804, 1806 and 1808 also present embodiments of atransmission medium 1525 in air that includes an inner conductor and aninsulating jacket of dielectric material, shown in longitudinal crosssection. These diagrams include different gray-scales that representdiffering electromagnetic field strengths generated by the propagationof the guided-wave having an asymmetric mode at different frequencies.At frequencies lower than the lower cut-off frequency, represented bydiagram 1808, the electric field is not tightly coupled to the surfaceof the transmission medium 1525. The asymmetric mode is difficult toinduce in the transmission medium 1525 and fails to propagate for allbut trivial distances. At frequencies within the limited range of thecutoff frequency, represented by diagram 1806, while some of theelectric field strength is within the insulating jacket, the guided-wavehas a field structure that lies primarily or substantially outside ofthe transmission medium 1525 that serves to guide the wave. As discussedin conjunction with FIG. 17, the regions inside the conductor 1700 havelittle or no field and propagation is supported over reasonabledistance. As the frequency increases above the limited range offrequencies about the cut-off frequency, represented by diagram 1804,the asymmetric mode shifts more and more inward of the insulating jacketof transmission medium 1525 increasing propagation losses and reducingeffect distances. At frequencies much larger than the cut-off frequency,represented by diagram 1802, the field strength is no longerconcentrated outside of the insulating jacket, but primarily inside ofthe insulating jacket 1702. While the transmission medium 1525 providesstrong guidance to the electromagnetic wave and propagation is stillpossible, ranges are more limited by increased losses due to propagationwithin the insulating jacket 1702—as opposed to the surrounding air.

Turning now to FIG. 19, a block diagram is shown illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a transmission device. Inparticular, a diagram similar to FIG. 16 is presented with commonreference numerals used to refer to similar elements. The transmissiondevice 1500 or 1502 includes a communications interface 1600 thatreceives a communication signal 1510 or 1512 that includes data. Thetransceiver 1610 generates a first electromagnetic wave based on thecommunication signal 1510 or 1512 to convey the first data, the firstelectromagnetic wave having at least one carrier frequency. A coupler1620 couples the first electromagnetic wave to the transmission medium1525 having at least one inner portion surrounded by a dielectricmaterial, the dielectric material having an outer surface and acorresponding circumference. The first electromagnetic wave is coupledto the transmission medium to form a second electromagnetic wave that isguided to propagate along the outer surface of the dielectric materialvia at least one guided-wave mode. The guided-wave mode includes anasymmetric mode having a lower cutoff frequency and the carrierfrequency is selected to be within a limited range of the lower cutofffrequency.

The transmission device 1500 or 1502 includes an optional trainingcontroller 1900. In an example embodiment, the training controller 1900is implemented by a standalone processor or a processor that is sharedwith one or more other components of the transmission device 1500 or1502. The training controller 1900 selects the carrier frequency to bewithin the limited range of the lower cutoff frequency based on feedbackdata received by the transceiver 1610 from at least one remotetransmission device coupled to receive the second electromagnetic wave.

In an example embodiment, a third electromagnetic wave transmitted by aremote transmission device 1500 or 1502 conveys second data that alsopropagates along the outer surface of the dielectric material of atransmission medium 1525. The second data can be generated to includethe feedback data. In operation, the coupler 1620 also couples the thirdelectromagnetic wave from the transmission medium 1525 to form a fourthelectromagnetic wave and the transceiver receives the fourthelectromagnetic wave and processes the fourth electromagnetic wave toextract the second data.

In an example embodiment, the training controller 1900 operates based onthe feedback data to evaluate a plurality of candidate frequencies andto select the carrier frequency to be within the limited range of thelower cutoff frequency, as one of the plurality of candidatefrequencies. For example, the candidate frequencies can be selectedbased on criteria such as: being in a microwave or millimeter-wavefrequency band, having wavelengths greater than an outer circumferenceof the transmission medium 1525, being less than the mean collisionfrequency of electrons in a conductor that makes up a portion of thetransmission medium 1525, based on experimental results that indicatethe limited range of frequencies about the cutoff frequency for aparticular transmission medium 1525 and a selected asymmetric mode,and/or based on experimental results or simulations.

Consider the following example: a transmission device 1500 beginsoperation under control of the training controller 1900 by sending aplurality of guided-waves as test signals such as ones or pilot waves ata corresponding plurality of candidate frequencies directed to a remotetransmission device 1502 coupled to the transmission medium 1525. Atransmission device 1500 can generate first electromagnetic waves thatare coupled onto the transmission medium as second electromagneticwaves. While the guided-wave modes may differ, generally the carrierfrequency or frequencies of the second electromagnetic waves are equalto the carrier frequency or frequencies of the first electromagneticwaves. In cases, however, where the coupling includes a nonlinearity dueto a junction, a non-linear element of a coupler, or othernon-linearity, the carrier frequencies of one or more guided-wave modesof the second electromagnetic waves can be at a harmonic frequency orfrequencies, at the sum of two or more carrier frequencies, or at adifference of two or more carrier frequencies. In either case, thecarrier frequency or frequencies of the electromagnetic waves launchedon a transmission medium can be selected, based on knowledge of thelinear or nonlinear effects of the coupling and further based on theselection of the carrier frequency or frequencies of the waves that arecoupled to launch the waves on the transmission medium.

The guided-waves can include, in addition or in the alternative, testdata at a corresponding plurality of candidate frequencies directed to aremote transmission device 1502 coupled to the transmission medium 1525.The test data can indicate the particular candidate frequency of thesignal. In an embodiment, the training controller 1900 at the remotetransmission device 1502 receives the test signals and/or test data fromany of the guided-waves that were properly received and determines thebest candidate frequency, a set of acceptable candidate frequencies, ora rank ordering of candidate frequencies. This candidate frequency orfrequencies is generated by the training controller 1900 based on one ormore optimizing criteria such as received signal strength, bit errorrate, packet error rate, signal to noise ratio, a carrier frequency withreduced or lowest propagation loss, a carrier frequency that isdetected, based on an analysis of any of the previous criteria, to bewithin a limited range of cutoff of a non-fundamental mode or otheroptimizing criteria can be generated by the transceiver 1610 of theremote transmission device 1502. The training controller 1900 generatesfeedback data that indicates the candidate frequency or frequencies andsends the feedback data to the transceiver 1610 for transmission to thetransmission device 1500. The transmission device 1500 and 1502 can thencommunicate data with one another utilizing the indicated carrierfrequency or frequencies.

In other embodiments, the electromagnetic waves that contain the testsignals and/or test data are reflected back, repeated back or otherwiselooped back by the remote transmission device 1502 to the transmissiondevice 1502 for reception and analysis by the training controller 1900of the transmission device 1502 that initiated these waves. For example,the transmission device 1502 can send a signal to the remotetransmission device 1502 to initiate a test mode where a physicalreflector is switched on the line, a termination impedance is changed tocause reflections, a loop back circuits is switched on to coupleelectromagnetic waves back to the source transmission device 1502,and/or a repeater mode is enabled to amplify and retransmit theelectromagnetic waves back to the source transmission device 1502. Thetraining controller 1900 at the source transmission device 1502 receivesthe test signals and/or test data from any of the guided-waves that wereproperly received and determines the best candidate frequency, a set ofacceptable candidate frequencies, or a rank ordering of candidatefrequencies. This candidate frequency or frequencies is generated by thetraining controller 1900 based on one or more optimizing criteria suchas received signal strength, bit error rate, packet error rate, signalto noise ratio or other optimizing criteria can be generated by thetransceiver 1610 of the remote transmission device 1502.

While the procedure above has been described in a start-up orinitialization mode of operation, each transmission device 1500 or 1502can send test signals or otherwise evaluate candidate frequencies atother times as well. In an example embodiment, the communicationprotocol between the transmission devices 1500 and 1502 can include aperiodic test mode where either full testing or more limited testing ofa subset of candidate frequencies are tested and evaluated. In othermodes of operation, the re-entry into such a test mode can be triggeredby a degradation of performance due to a disturbance, weatherconditions, etc. In an example embodiment, the receiver bandwidth of thetransceiver 1610 is either sufficiently wide to include all candidatefrequencies or can be selectively adjusted by the training controller1900 to a training mode where the receiver bandwidth of the transceiver1610 is sufficiently wide to include all candidate frequencies.

While the guided-wave above has been described as propagating on theouter surface of an outer dielectric surface of the transmission medium1525, other outer surfaces of a transmission medium 1525 including theouter surface of a bare wire could likewise be employed. Further, whilethe training controller 1900 has been described above as selecting acandidate frequency to be within a limited range of the lower cut-offfrequency of an asymmetric mode, the training controller 1900 could beused to establish a candidate frequency that optimizes, substantiallyoptimizes or pareto optimizes the propagation along a transmissionmedium 1525 based on one or more performance criteria such asthroughput, packet error rate, signal strength, signal to noise ratio,signal to noise and interference ratio, channel separation in amulti-channel system, and/or other performance criteria—with or withoutan asymmetric mode and with or without regard to whether the candidatefrequency falls within a limited range of the lower cutoff frequency ofany particular mode.

FIG. 20a is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission device and FIG. 20b provides example, non-limitingembodiments of various coupler shapes in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein. In particular, a transmission device 2000 is shownthat includes a plurality of transceivers (Xcvr) 2020, each having atransmitting device (or transmitter) and/or a receiving device(receiver) that is coupled to a corresponding waveguide 2022 and coupler2004. The plurality of couplers 2004 can be referred to collectively asa “coupling module”. Each coupler 2004 of such a coupling moduleincludes a receiving portion 2010 that receives an electromagnetic wave2006 conveying first data from a transmitting device of transceiver 2020via waveguide 2022. A guiding portion 2012 of the coupler 2004 guides afirst electromagnetic wave 2006 to a junction 2014 for coupling theelectromagnetic wave 2006 to a transmission medium 2002. In theembodiment shown, the junction 2014 includes an air gap for illustrativepurposes, however other configurations are possible both with, andwithout an air gap. The guiding portion 2012 includes a coupling end2015 that terminates at the junction 2014 that is shown with aparticular tapered shape; however other shapes and configurations arelikewise possible. The coupling end 2015 of the coupler 2004 can, forexample, have a tapered, rounded or beveled shape (2050, 2052, 2054 or2056) or a more complex, multidimensional shape. In particular, thenumber of planes that intersect the coupling device to create the taper,bevel or rounding can be two or greater, so that the resultant shape ismore complex than a simple angular cut along a single plane.

In operation, tapering, rounding or beveling the coupling end 2015 canreduce or substantially eliminate reflections of electromagnetic wavesback along the guiding portions, while also enhancing the coupling(e.g., a coupling efficiency) of these electromagnetic waves, to andfrom the transmission medium 2002. Furthermore, the receiving portion2010 can have a receiving end that is also tapered, rounded or beveledto enhance the coupling to and from the waveguide 2022 of thetransceiver 2020. This receiving end, while not specifically shown, canbe recessed within the waveguide 2022. The cross section of the guidingportion 2012, the waveguide 2022, the receiving portion 2010, and thecoupling end 2015 can each be any of the shapes 2060, 2062, 2064, 2066,2068, 2070 or 2070.

Each electromagnetic wave 2006 propagates via at least one firstguided-wave mode. The coupling of the electromagnetic waves 2006 to thetransmission medium 2002 via one or more of the junctions 2014 forms aplurality of electromagnetic waves 2008 that are guided to propagatealong the outer surface of the transmission medium 2002 via at least onesecond guided-wave mode that can differ from the first guided-wave mode.The transmission medium 2002 can be a single wire transmission medium orother transmission medium that supports the propagation of theelectromagnetic waves 2008 along the outer surface of the transmissionmedium 2002 to convey the first data. It will be appreciated that thesingle wire transmission medium described herein can be comprised ofmultiple strands or wire segments that are bundled or braided togetherwithout departing from example embodiments.

In various embodiments, the electromagnetic waves 2006 propagate along acoupler 2004 via one or more first guided-wave modes that can includeeither exclusively or substantially exclusively a symmetrical(fundamental) mode, however other modes can optionally be included inaddition or in the alternative. In accordance with these embodiments,the second guided-wave mode of the electromagnetic waves 2008 can, ifsupported by the characteristics of the transmission medium 2002,include at least one asymmetric (non-fundamental) mode that is notincluded in the guided-wave modes of the electromagnetic waves 2006 thatpropagate along each coupler 2004. For example, an insulated wiretransmission medium can support at least one asymmetric(non-fundamental) mode in one embodiment. In operation, the junctions2014 induce the electromagnetic waves 2008 on transmission medium 2002to optionally include a symmetric (fundamental) mode, but also one ormore asymmetric (non-fundamental) modes not included in the guided-wavemodes of the electromagnetic wave 2006 that propagate along the coupler2004.

More generally, consider the one or more first guided-wave modes to bedefined by the set of modes S1 where:

S1=(m11,m12,m13, . . . )

And where the individual modes m11, m12, m13, . . . can each be either asymmetrical (or fundamental) mode or an asymmetrical (ornon-fundamental) mode that propagate more than a trivial distance, i.e.that propagate along the length of the guiding portion 2012 of a coupler2004 from the receiving end 2010 to the other end 2015. In anembodiment, the guided-wave mode or modes of the electromagnetic wave2006 includes a field distribution that, at the junction 2014, has agreat degree of overlap with the transmission medium 2002 so as tocouple a substantial portion or the most electromagnetic energy to thetransmission medium. In addition to reducing reflections, the tapering,rounding and/or beveling of the coupling end 2015 can also promote suchan effect (e.g., high coupling efficiency or energy transfer). As thecross sectional area of the coupler decreases along the coupling end2105, the size of the field distribution can increase, encompassing morefield strength at or around the transmission medium 2002 at the junction2014. In one example, the field distribution induced by the coupler 2004at the junction 2014 has a shape that approximates one or morepropagation modes of the transmission medium itself, increasing theamount of electromagnetic energy that is converted to the propagatingmodes of the transmission medium.

Also consider the one or more second guided-wave modes to be defined bythe set of modes S2 where:

S2=(m21,m22,m23, . . . )

And, the individual modes m21, m22, m23, . . . can each be either asymmetrical (or fundamental) mode or an asymmetrical (ornon-fundamental) mode that propagate along the length of thetransmission medium 2002 more than a trivial distance, i.e. thatpropagate sufficiently to reach a remote transmission device coupled ata different location on the transmission medium 2002.

In various embodiments, that condition that at least one firstguided-wave mode is different from at least one second guided-wave modeimplies that S1≠S2. In particular, S1 may be a proper subset of S2, S2may be a proper subset of S1, or the intersection between S1 and S2 maybe the null set.

In addition to operating as a transmitter, the transmission device 2000can operate as or include a receiver as well. In this mode of operation,a plurality of electromagnetic waves 2018 conveys second data that alsopropagates along the outer surface of the transmission medium 2002, butin the opposite direction of the electromagnetic waves 2008. Eachjunction 2014 couples one of the electromagnetic waves 2018 from thetransmission medium 2002 to form an electromagnetic wave 2016 that isguided to a receiver of the corresponding transceiver 2020 by theguiding portion 2012.

In various embodiments, the first data conveyed by the plurality ofsecond electromagnetic waves 2008 includes a plurality of data streamsthat differ from one another and wherein the each of the plurality offirst electromagnetic waves 2006 conveys one of the plurality of datastreams. More generally, the transceivers 2020 operate to convey eitherthe same data stream or different data streams via time divisionmultiplexing, or some other form of multiplexing, such as frequencydivision multiplexing, or mode division multiplexing. In this fashion,the transceivers 2020 can be used in conjunction with a MIMOtransmission system to send and receive full duplex data via axialdiversity, cyclic delay diversity, spatial coding, space time blockcoding, space frequency block coding, hybrid space time/frequency blockcoding, single stream multi-coupler spatial mapping or othertransmission/reception scheme.

While the transmission device 2000 is shown with two transceivers 2020and two couplers 2004 arranged at the top and bottom of the transmissionmedium 2002, other configurations can include three or more transceiversand corresponding couplers. For example, a transmission device 2000 withfour transceivers 2020 and four couplers 2004 can be arranged angularlyaround the outer surface of a cylindrical transmission medium atequidistant orientations of 0, π/2, π, and 3π/4. Considering a furtherexample, a transmission device 2000 with n transceivers 2020 can includen couplers 2004 arranged angularly around the outer surface of acylindrical transmission medium at angles 2π/n apart. It should be notedhowever that unequal angular displacements between couplers can also beused.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission device in accordance with various aspects described herein.In particular, a transmission device 2100 is shown that can beimplemented as part of a bidirectional repeater 2150, such as all orpart of repeater device 710 presented in conjunction with FIG. 7 orother repeater that includes two similar transceivers, 2020 and 2020′.Similar elements from FIG. 20 are represented by common referencenumerals. In addition, the transmission device 2100 includes a shield2125. In an embodiment, the shield 2125 (which can include a dampener inan embodiment) is constructed of absorbing or dampening material andsurrounds the transmission medium 2002. In one direction ofcommunication, when an electromagnetic wave 2104 is coupled to coupler2004 to generate electromagnetic wave 2108, a portion may continue alongtransmission medium 2002 as electromagnetic wave 2106. The shield 2125substantially or entirely absorbs the electromagnetic wave 2106 so thatit will not continue to propagate, mitigating interference with theoperation of the transceiver 2020′ on the other side of the shield 2125.To continue on with the flow of this communication, data or signals fromthe electromagnetic wave 2108 as received by the transceiver 2020 arecoupled to transceiver 2020′ and relaunched in the same direction on thetransmission medium 2002.

The shield 2125 may perform similar functions for communications in theopposite direction. When an electromagnetic wave 2110 is coupled to acoupler 2004 to generate electromagnetic wave 2114, a portion continuesalong transmission medium 2002 as electromagnetic wave 2112. The shield2125 substantially or entirely absorbs the electromagnetic wave 2112 sothat it will not continue to propagate, mitigating interference with theoperation of the transceiver 2020 on the other side of the shield 2125,while reinforcing and enhancing the inherent directionality of thecoupler 2004. As shown, the shield 2125 is tapered, rounded or beveledon both sides to minimize reflections and/or to provide impedancematching, however other designs are likewise possible.

FIG. 22a is a diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodimentof an electromagnetic distribution in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein. In particular, an electromagnetic distribution 2200 ispresented in two dimensions for a transmission device that includescoupler 2202, such as any of the dielectric waveguide couplerspreviously described. The coupler 2202 couples an electromagnetic wavefor propagation along an outer surface of a transmission medium 2204,such as a single wire transmission medium.

The coupler 2202 guides the electromagnetic wave to a junction at x₀ viaa symmetrical guided-wave mode. As shown, the majority of the energy ofthe electromagnetic wave that propagates along the coupler 2202 iscontained within the coupler 2202. The junction at x₀ couples theelectromagnetic wave to a transmission medium at an azimuthal anglecorresponding to the bottom of the transmission medium 2204. Thiscoupling induces an electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagatealong the outer surface of the transmission medium via at least oneguided-wave mode. The majority of the energy of the electromagnetic wavethat propagates along the transmission medium 2204 is outside, but inclose proximity to the outer surface of the transmission medium 2204. Inthe example shown, the junction at x₀ forms an electromagnetic wave thatpropagates via both a symmetrical mode and at least one asymmetricalsurface mode, such as the first order mode presented in conjunction withFIG. 17, that skims the surface of the transmission medium 2204.

The combination of symmetrical and asymmetrical propagation mode(s) ofthe electromagnetic wave that propagates along the surface of thetransmission medium 2204 forms an envelope that varies as a function ofangular deviation from the azimuthal angle that defines the orientationof the coupler 2202 to the transmission medium 2204 as well as afunction of the longitudinal displacement from the junction at x₀.Consider the electromagnetic wave to be represented by the functionW(Δθ, Δx, t), where Δθ represents the angular deviation from theazimuthal angle that defines the orientation of the coupler 2202 to thetransmission medium 2204, Δx represents function of the longitudinaldisplacement from the junction at x₀, and t represents time. Theenvelope of the electromagnetic wave W can be represented by A(Δθ, Δx),where, for 0≦t≦∞,

A(Δθ,Δx)=Max(W(Δθ,Δx,t))

Therefore, while the electromagnetic wave W varies as a function of timeas a wave propagates along the length (Δx) of the transmission medium,the envelope A is the maximum amplitude of the electromagnetic wave forany time (t). Like a standing wave, the envelope A is a relativelytime-stationary function of the longitudinal displacement along atransmission medium. While the envelope may vary based on slowlychanging parameters of the transmission medium such as temperature orother environmental conditions, the envelope generally does nototherwise vary as a function of time. Unlike a standing wave however,the wavelength of the envelope function is not the same as thewavelength of the electromagnetic wave. In particular, the wavelength ofthe envelope function is much greater than the wavelength of theunderlying electromagnetic wave. In the example shown, the wavelength ofthe underlying electromagnetic wave λ_(c)≈0.8 cm while the envelopefunction of the envelope function is more than 10 times greater.Further, unlike a traditional standing wave the envelope A also variesas a function of Δθ, the angular deviation from the azimuthal angle thatdefines the orientation of the coupler 2202 to the transmission medium2204.

In the example shown, the coupler 2202 induces an electromagnetic waveon the transmission medium 2204—at a first surface (the bottom) of thetransmission medium 2204. At the junction at x₀, the electromagneticwave is concentrated at the bottom of the transmission medium with amuch smaller level of radiation on a second surface opposite the firstside (the top) of the transmission medium 2004. The envelope of theelectromagnetic wave at the first surface (bottom) of the transmissionmedium 2204 decreases along the transmission medium in the direction ofpropagation 2206, until it reaches a minimum at x₁. Considering instead,the second surface (top) of the transmission medium 2204, the envelopeof the electromagnetic wave increases along the transmission medium inthe direction of propagation 2206, until it reaches a maximum at x₁. Inthis fashion, the envelope roughly follows a serpentine pattern,oscillating between minima and maxima and concentration along the firstsurface (top) and second surface (bottom) of the transmission medium2204, as the electromagnetic wave propagates along the direction ofpropagation 2206. It will be appreciated that the first and secondsurfaces could be swapped in another embodiment based upon a positioningof the coupler 2202 with respect to the transmission medium 2204. Forexample, in an embodiment, the first surface can be on a same surfacewhere the coupler 2202 meets the transmission medium.

The value Δθ=0 corresponds to no angular deviation from the azimuthalangle that defines the orientation of the coupler 2202 to thetransmission medium 2204,—i.e. the first surface (bottom) of thetransmission medium 2204. The opposite surface, at the top of thetransmission medium 2204, corresponds to Δθ=π, an angular deviation of rradians. In the embodiment shown, for Δθ=0 the envelope has local maximaat x₀ and x₂ and a local minimum at x₁. Conversely, for Δθ=π, theenvelope has local minima at x₀ and x₂ and a local maximum at x₁.

FIG. 22b is a diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodimentof an electromagnetic distribution in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein. In particular, an electromagnetic distribution 2210 ispresented in two dimensions for a transmission device that includes anyof the couplers previously described. The electromagnetic wave 2212propagates along an outer surface of a transmission medium 2214, such asa single wire transmission medium or other transmission mediumpreviously discussed.

The majority of the energy of the electromagnetic wave 2212 thatpropagates along the transmission medium 2214 is outside of, but inclose proximity to the outer surface of the transmission medium 2214.The combination of symmetrical and asymmetrical propagation mode(s) ofthe electromagnetic wave 2214 forms an envelope that varies as afunction of axial orientation as well as a function of the longitudinaldisplacement along the transmission medium 2214. The envelope of theelectromagnetic wave 2212 roughly follows a serpentine pattern,oscillating between minima and maxima and concentration along the topand bottom of the transmission medium 2214, as the electromagnetic wave2212 propagates along the direction of propagation 2216.

Consider an azimuthal orientation θ=0 that corresponds to the bottom ofthe transmission medium 2214. The opposite surface, at the top of thetransmission medium 2904, corresponds to θ=π, an azimuthal orientationof r radians. In the embodiment shown, for θ=0 the envelope has localmaxima at (x₁, x₃, x₅, x₇) and a local minima at (x₂, x₄, x₆).Conversely, for θ=π, the envelope has local minima at (x₁, x₃, x₅, x₇)and a local maxima at (x₂, x₄, x₆).

FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an example, non-limiting embodiment ofa function in accordance with various aspects described herein. Inparticular, the graph 2300 presents approximations of the envelope A fortwo different fixed angular deviations Δθ. As shown, the envelope A is aperiodic function that varies between a maximum value A_(max) and aminimum value A_(min).

The function 2302 presents an approximation of the envelope A for afixed angular deviation Δθ=0. In this case,

A(0,Δx)=((A _(max) −A _(min))D(Δx)cos(2πΔx/λ _(s)))+A _(min)

Where D(Δx) is a monotonically decreasing function that has a value of

D(0)=1

that represents the gradual decay in amplitude of the electromagneticwave W as it propagates along the length of the transmission medium andwhere λ_(s) represents the wavelength of the envelope. In the exampleshown:

λ_(s)=2(x ₁ −x ₀)

In this example, for Δθ=0 the envelope has local maxima at:

Δx=0,λ,2λ_(s) . . .

Or more generally at,

Δx=Nλ _(s)

where N is an integer. Further, for Δθ=0 the envelope has local minimaat:

Δx=λ _(s)/2,3λ_(s)/2 . . .

Or more generally at,

Δx=(2N+1)λ_(s)/2

The function 2304 presents an approximation of the envelope A for afixed angular deviation Δθ=π. In this case,

A(π,Δx)=((A _(max) −A _(min))D(Δx)cos(2π/Δx/λ _(s)+π)+A _(min)

In this example, for Δθ=π the envelope has local minima at:

Δx=0,λ_(s),2λ_(s), . . .

Or more generally at,

Δx=Nλ _(s)

where N is an integer. Further, for Δθ=0 the envelope has local maximaat:

Δx=λ _(s)/2,3λ_(s)/2 . . .

Or more generally at,

Δx=(2N+1)λ_(s)/2

While the functions 2302 and 2304 present approximations of the envelopeA at the top and bottom of the transmission medium, in an embodiment, atleast one guided-wave mode of the electromagnetic wave W rotatesangularly as the wave propagates along the length of the transmissionmedium. In this case, the envelope A can be approximated as follows:

A(Δθ,Δx)=((A _(max) −A _(min))D(Δx)cos(2πΔx/λ _(s)+Δθ))+A _(min)

or

A(Δθ,Δx)=((A _(max) −A _(min))D(Δx)cos(−2πΔx/λ _(s)+Δθ))+A _(min)

depending on whether the axial rotation is clockwise orcounterclockwise.

Note that, in concert with the example presented above, for Δθ=π theenvelope has local minima at:

Δx=Nλ _(s)

And for Δθ=0 the envelope has local maxima at:

Δx=(2N+1)λ_(s)/2

Considering fixed values of Δx, for Δx=0, the envelope has a localminimum at:

Δθ=π

And a local maximum at:

Δθ=0

For Δx=λ_(s)/2, the envelope has a local maximum at:

Δθ=π

And a local minimum at:

Δθ=0

Using the approximations above, the local minima and maxima can becalculated for other axial deviations as well. Considering the casewhere Δθ=π/2, and clockwise rotation, the envelope has local maxima at:

Δx=λ _(s)/4,5λ_(s)/4 . . .

And local minima at:

Δx=3λ_(s)/4,7λ_(s)/4 . . .

Considering the case where Δθ=−π/2, and counterclockwise rotation, theenvelope has local maxima at:

Δx=λ _(s)/4,5λ_(s)/4 . . .

And local minima at:

Δx=3λ_(s)/4,7λ_(s)/4 . . .

Approximations of the envelope A can be useful in designing theplacement of multiple couplers in the transmission medium to supportsimultaneous communications via multiple electromagnetic waves W viaaxial or spatial diversity. For example, placing one coupler at an axialdeviation and/or longitudinal displacement from another coupler thatcorresponds to a local minimum of the envelope increases the isolationbetween the electromagnetic waves and reduces the amount of interferencebetween these couplers. Further, placing a receiving coupler at an axialdeviation and/or longitudinal displacement from a transmitting couplerat a corresponding local maximum can increase the signal gain and datathroughput for an electromagnetic wave that is transmitted from thetransmitting coupler to the receiving coupler. Further examples of suchconfigurations including various optional functions and features will beexplored in conjunction with FIGS. 24-34 that follow.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.The transmission system 2400 is presented that includes two transmissiondevices that are spaced a distance apart along the transmission medium2002. In this system the transmitter 2410 generates an electromagneticwave 2402 conveying first data. A coupler 2450 guides theelectromagnetic wave 2402 to a junction 2412 that couples theelectromagnetic wave 2402 to the transmission medium 2002 at a firstazimuthal angle to form an electromagnetic wave 2404 that is guided topropagate along the outer surface of the transmission medium 2002 viaone or more guided-wave modes. The electromagnetic wave 2404 has anenvelope that varies as a function of angular deviation Δθ from thefirst azimuthal angle and the longitudinal displacement Δx from thejunction 2412. The function has a local minimum at an angular deviationΔθ=θ₁ from the first azimuthal angle and an angular displacement Δx=x₁from the junction 2412. The coupler 2454 at junction 2418 forms anelectromagnetic wave 2406 from the electromagnetic wave 2404 and guidesthe electromagnetic wave 2454 to receiver 2440 to receive the firstdata.

A remote transmitter 2430 generates an electromagnetic wave 2432conveying second data that is coupled onto the transmission medium 2002via coupler 2456 at a junction at 2414 as an electromagnetic wave 2434.The electromagnetic wave 2434 propagates along the outer surface of thetransmission medium 2002 in a direction opposite to the electromagneticwave 2404. The coupler 2452 couples the electromagnetic wave 2434 fromthe transmission medium 2002 at junction 2416 to form an electromagneticwave 2436 that is guided to the receiver 2420 that receives the seconddata. The coupler 2452 at the junction 2416 corresponds to an angulardeviation Δθ=θ₁ from the first azimuthal angle and a longitudinaldisplacement Δx=x₁ from the junction 2412. As shown, θ₁=π and Δx=0,placing the coupler 2452 at a local minimum of the envelope of theelectromagnetic wave 2404. This placement of coupler 2452 at thejunction 2416 helps reduce bleed through of the electromagnetic wave2404 to the receiver 2420. A similar effect occurs between transmitter2430 and receiver 2440.

In various embodiments, the couplers of the receiver/transmitter pair2410/2440 are oriented at the same axial orientation and thelongitudinal displacement d1 between the junctions 2412 and 2418 isselected so that the receiving coupler 2454 is placed at a local maximumof the envelope. Considering further the examples presented inconjunction with FIG. 23,

d1=Nλ _(s)

If the electromagnetic wave 2432 is transmitted at the same carrierfrequency as the electromagnetic wave 2402, each electromagnetic wavehas the same wavelength and a similar effect occurs between junctions2414 and 2416.

Each of the two transmission devices of system 2400 includes a trainingcontroller 2425 that operates similar to training controller 1900. Inthis embodiment, however, the training controller 2425 selects at leastone carrier frequency of the electromagnetic wave 2402 generated bytransmitter 2410 based on feedback data received by the receiver 2420via the electromagnetic wave 2436. The training controller 2435generates this feedback data based on the reception of theelectromagnetic wave 2406 by receiver 2440 and transmits the feedbackdata via the electromagnetic wave 2432 generated by transmitter 2430.The training controllers can operate reciprocally to establish thecarrier frequency of the electromagnetic wave 2434. In the alternative,the training controllers 2425 and 2435 can operate in a cooperativefashion to select a single carrier frequency that not only promotespropagation of the electromagnetic waves 2404 and 2434 along thetransmission medium 2002, but that further increases the envelope of thedesired electromagnetic wave at the receiving coupler while reducingtransmitter bleed through for each transmission device.

While each coupler (2450, 2452, 2454 or 2456) is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

Further, while the operation of the transmission system 2400 has beendescribed in terms of aligning minima or maxima of the envelope toenhance transmission and reduce interference between devices, the sameprinciples can be applied to reducing interference between differentwaves that share the same transmission medium. In pertinent part, theenvelope of the wave can be adjusted, and/or the angular or longitudinalposition of the specific transmitters and receivers can be adjusted toalign one or more contemporaneous waves that share the transmissionmedium for beneficial effect.

In various embodiments, a waveguide system, such as one or morecomponents of the transmission system 2400 determines a firsttransmission envelope of a first asymmetric electromagnetic wave,wherein the first transmission envelope has a first wavelength thatreduces signal interference between the first asymmetric electromagneticwave and a second asymmetric electromagnetic wave having a secondtransmission envelope at a second wavelength. This determination can bemade by training controller 2425, via other components of the waveguidesystem or via initial design and set-up of the system. The determinationcan include determining an angular displacement between a first portionof a signal of the first asymmetric electromagnetic wave and a secondportion of a signal of the second asymmetric electromagnetic wave—e.g.between points of interest (minima or maxima) of the envelopes of thetwo signals.

The waveguide system transmits the first asymmetric electromagnetic waveon an outer surface of a transmission medium according to the firsttransmission envelope at a same time the second asymmetricelectromagnetic wave is propagating on the outer surface of thetransmission medium. This waveguide system can adjust the transmittingof the first asymmetric electromagnetic wave according to the angulardisplacement. By, for example adjusting an operating frequency ofasymmetric electromagnetic waves transmitted by the waveguide system ora location of a coupler of the waveguide system with respect to thetransmission medium.

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 2500 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. Transmitter 2510 and receiver 2520 are part of onetransmission device that communicates with a remote transmission devicethat includes transmitter 2540 and receiver 2530. In operation,transmitter 2520 sends an electromagnetic wave that conveys data toreceiver 2530 and transmitter 2540 sends another electromagnetic wavethat conveys data to receiver 2520. These two electromagnetic wavestraverse the transmission medium 2002 in opposite directions.

The transmitter and receiver pair of each transmission device arecoupled at opposite axial orientations but at the same spatialdisplacement. As such, the transmitter 2510 and receiver 2520 arecoupled at the same location (e.g., substantially the same longitudinalposition), but on opposite sides of the transmission medium 2002.Likewise, the transmitter 2540 and receiver 2530 are coupled at the samelocation (e.g., substantially the same longitudinal position), but onopposite sides of the transmission medium 2002—a distance d2 from thecoupling point of the other transmission device.

In this embodiment however, the transmitter/receiver pairs thatcommunicate with one another are oriented at different axial deviations.In particular, the couplers of the receiver/transmitter pair 2510/2530are oriented at different (opposite) axial orientations and thelongitudinal displacement d2 between the junctions is selected so thatthe receiving coupler is still placed at a local maximum of theenvelope. Considering further the examples presented in conjunction withFIG. 23,

d2=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

If the transmitter/receiver pair 2540/2520 employs the same carrierfrequency, a similar effect occurs for transmission in the oppositedirection along transmission medium.

While not specifically shown, each transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof each receiving coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 2600 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. Transmitter 2410 and receiver 2420 are part of onetransmission device that communicates with a remote transmission devicethat includes transmitter 2430 and receiver 2440. In operation,transmitter 2410 sends an electromagnetic wave that conveys data toreceiver 2440 and transmitter 2430 sends another electromagnetic wavethat conveys data to receiver 2420. These two electromagnetic wavestraverse the transmission medium 2002 in opposite directions.

The transmitter and receiver within each transmission device are coupledto the transmission medium 2002 at opposite axial orientations but atdifferent spatial deviations d3. In this case, the value of d3 isselected to correspond to a local minimum in the envelope for Δθ=π.Considering further the examples presented in conjunction with FIG. 23,

d3=Nλ _(s)

In this case, the transmitter/receiver pairs that communicate with oneanother are oriented at the same axial orientations at either the top orbottom of the transmission medium. In particular, the couplers of thereceiver/transmitter pair 2420/2430 are oriented at the same axialorientation at the top of the transmission medium 2002 and thelongitudinal displacement d1 between the junctions is selected so thatthe receiving coupler is still placed at a local maximum of theenvelope. In this case,

d1=Nλ _(s)

If the transmitter/receiver pair 2410/2440 employs the same carrierfrequency, a similar effect occurs for transmission in the oppositedirection along the transmission medium.

While not specifically shown, each transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof each receiver coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

FIG. 27 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 2700 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. Transmitter 2510 and receiver 2520 are part of onetransmission device that communicates with a remote transmission devicethat includes transmitter 2540 and receiver 2530. In operation,transmitter 2510 sends an electromagnetic wave that conveys data toreceiver 2530 and transmitter 2540 sends another electromagnetic wavethat conveys data to receiver 2520. These two electromagnetic wavestraverse the transmission medium 2002 in opposite directions.

The transmitter and receiver within each transmission device are coupledto the transmission medium 2002 at opposite axial orientations but atdifferent spatial deviations d3. In this case, the value of d3 isselected to correspond to a local minimum in the envelope for Δθ=π.Considering further the examples presented in conjunction with FIG. 23,

d3=Nλ _(s)

In this embodiment, the transmitter/receiver pairs that communicate withone another are also oriented at different axial deviations. Inparticular, the couplers of the receiver/transmitter pair 2510/2530 areoriented at different (opposite) axial orientations and the longitudinaldisplacement d2 between the junctions is selected so that the receivingcoupler is still placed at a local maximum of the envelope. Consideringfurther the examples presented in conjunction with FIG. 23,

d2=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

If the transmitter/receiver pair 2540/2520 employs the same carrierfrequency, a similar effect occurs for transmission in the oppositedirection along the transmission medium.

While not specifically shown, each transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof each receiver coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

While FIGS. 24-27 have presented examples where two electromagneticwaves in opposite directions share the same transmission medium, FIGS.28-31 present similar configurations that support simultaneous transportof electromagnetic waves in the same direction.

FIG. 28 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 2800 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. Transmitters 2810 and 2830 are part of one transmissiondevice that communicates with a remote transmission device that includesreceivers 2820 and 2840. In operation, transmitter 2810 sends anelectromagnetic wave that conveys data to receiver 2840 and transmitter2830 sends another electromagnetic wave that conveys data to receiver2820. These two electromagnetic waves traverse the transmission medium2002 in the same direction.

The transmitter and receiver pair of each transmission device arecoupled at opposite axial orientations but at the same spatialdisplacement. As such, the transmitters 2810 and 2830 are coupled at thesame location (e.g., substantially the same longitudinal position), buton opposite sides of the transmission medium 2002. Likewise, thereceivers 2820 and 2840 are coupled at the same location (e.g.,substantially the same longitudinal position), but on opposite sides ofthe transmission medium 2002—a distance d1 from the coupling point ofthe other transmission device.

In this case, the transmitter/receiver pairs that communicate with oneanother are oriented at the same axial orientations at either the top orbottom of the transmission medium. In particular, the couplers of thereceiver/transmitter pair 2830/2820 are oriented at the same axialorientation at the top of the transmission medium 2002 and thelongitudinal displacement d1 between the junctions is selected so thatthe receiving coupler is still placed at a local maximum of theenvelope. In this case,

d1=Nλ _(s)

If the transmitter/receiver pair 2810/2840 employs the same carrierfrequency, a similar effect occurs for transmission in the samedirection along the transmission medium.

While not specifically shown, each transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof each receiving coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 2900 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. Transmitters 2910 and 2940 are part of one transmissiondevice that communicates with a remote transmission device that includesreceivers 2920 and 2930. In operation, transmitter 2910 sends anelectromagnetic wave that conveys data to receiver 2930 and transmitter2940 sends another electromagnetic wave that conveys data to receiver2920. These two electromagnetic waves traverse the transmission medium2002 in the same direction.

The transmitter and receiver pair of each transmission device arecoupled at opposite axial orientations but at the same spatialdisplacement. As such, the transmitters 2910 and 2940 are coupled at thesame location, but on opposite sides of the transmission medium 2002.Likewise, the receivers 2920 and 2930 are coupled at the same location,but on opposite sides of the transmission medium 2002—a distance d2 fromthe coupling point of the other transmission device.

In this embodiment however, the transmitter/receiver pairs thatcommunicate with one another are oriented at different axial deviations.In particular, the couplers of the receiver/transmitter pair 2910/2930are oriented at different (opposite) axial orientations and thelongitudinal displacement d2 between the junctions is selected so thatthe receiving coupler is still placed at a local maximum of theenvelope. Considering further the examples presented in conjunction withFIG. 23,

d2=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

If the transmitter/receiver pair 2940/2920 employs the same carrierfrequency, a similar effect occurs for transmission in the samedirection along the transmission medium.

While not specifically shown, each transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof each receiving coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

FIG. 30 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 3000 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. Transmitters 2810 and 2830 are part of one transmissiondevice that communicates with a remote transmission device that includesreceivers 2820 and 2840. In operation, transmitter 2810 sends anelectromagnetic wave that conveys data to receiver 2840 and transmitter2830 sends another electromagnetic wave that conveys data to receiver2820. These two electromagnetic waves traverse the transmission medium2002 in the same direction.

The transmitter and receiver within each transmission device are coupledto the transmission medium 2002 at opposite axial orientations but atdifferent spatial deviations d3. In this case, the value of d3 isselected to correspond to a local minimum in the envelope for Δθ=π.Considering further the examples presented in conjunction with FIG. 23,

d3=Nλ _(s)

In this case, the transmitter/receiver pairs that communicate with oneanother are oriented at the same axial orientations at either the top orbottom of the transmission medium. In particular, the couplers of thereceiver/transmitter pair 2820/2830 are oriented at the same axialorientation at the top of the transmission medium 2002 and thelongitudinal displacement d1 between the junctions is selected so thatthe receiving coupler is still placed at a local maximum of theenvelope. In this case,

d1=Nλ _(s)

If the transmitter/receiver pair 2810/2840 employs the same carrierfrequency, a similar effect occurs for transmission in the samedirection along the transmission medium.

While not specifically shown, each transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof each receiver coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

FIG. 31 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 3100 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. Transmitters 2910 and 2940 are part of one transmissiondevice that communicates with a remote transmission device that includesreceivers 2920 and 2930. In operation, transmitter 2910 sends anelectromagnetic wave that conveys data to receiver 2930 and transmitter2940 sends another electromagnetic wave that conveys data to receiver2920. These two electromagnetic waves traverse the transmission medium2002 in the same direction.

The transmitter and receiver within each transmission device are coupledto the transmission medium 2002 at opposite axial orientations but atdifferent spatial deviations d3. In this case, the value of d3 isselected to correspond to a local minimum in the envelope for Δθ=π.Considering further the examples presented in conjunction with FIG. 23,

d3=Nλ _(s)

In this embodiment, the transmitter/receiver pairs that communicate withone another are also oriented at different axial deviations. Inparticular, the couplers of the receiver/transmitter pair 2910/2930 areoriented at different (opposite) axial orientations and the longitudinaldisplacement d2 between the junctions is selected so that the receivingcoupler is still placed at a local maximum of the envelope. Consideringfurther the examples presented in conjunction with FIG. 23,

d2=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

If the transmitter/receiver pair 2940/2920 employs the same carrierfrequency, a similar effect occurs for transmission in the samedirection along the transmission medium.

While not specifically shown, each transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof each receiver coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

While FIGS. 24-31 have presented examples where transmitters andreceivers, or more generally, transceivers of a transmission device arecoupled to a transmission device at different axial orientations tosupport simultaneous transmission and reception of electromagneticwaves, FIGS. 32-34 present similar configurations that supportsimultaneous transport of electromagnetic waves via transmission deviceswhere transmitters, receivers or transceivers are coupled in axialalignment.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 3200 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. The transmitter 2410 and receiver 2420 within thetransmission device are coupled to the transmission medium 2002 at thesame axial orientations but at different a spatial deviation d4. In thiscase, the value of d4 is selected to correspond to a local minimum inthe envelope for 40=0. Considering further the examples presented inconjunction with FIG. 23,

d4=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

For the case N=0,

d4=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

While not specifically shown, the transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof the receiver coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a transmitter or receiver, moregenerally, each coupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includesboth a transmitter and receiver for engaging in bidirectionalcommunications in a manner similar to the transmission device describedin conjunction with FIG. 20.

FIG. 33 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 3300 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. The transmitters 2410 within the transmission device arecoupled to the transmission medium 2002 at the same axial orientationsbut at different a spatial deviation d4. In this case, the value of d4is selected to correspond to a local minimum in the envelope for Δθ=0.Considering further the examples presented in conjunction with FIG. 23,

d4=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

For the case N=0,

d4=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

While not specifically shown, the transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof the receiver coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via a transmitter, more generally, eachcoupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includes both a transmitterand receiver for engaging in bidirectional communications in a mannersimilar to the transmission device described in conjunction with FIG.20.

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission system in accordance with various aspects described herein.This system 3400 operates in a similar fashion to the transmissionsystem 2400. The receivers 2420 within the transmission device arecoupled to the transmission medium 2002 at the same axial orientationsbut at different a spatial deviation d4. In this case, the value of d4is selected to correspond to a local minimum in the envelope for Δθ=0.Considering further the examples presented in conjunction with FIG. 23,

d4=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

For the case N=0,

d4=Nλ _(s)+λ_(s)/2

While not specifically shown, the transmission device could include atraining controller, such as training controller 2425 or 2435 to adjustthe carrier frequency of the electromagnetic waves so that the placementof the receiver coupler corresponds as closely as possible to a localmaximum of the envelope. While each coupler 2004 is shown as engaging inunidirectional communication via either a receiver, more generally, eachcoupler can be coupled to a transceiver that includes both a transmitterand receiver for engaging in bidirectional communications in a mannersimilar to the transmission device described in conjunction with FIG.20.

While the examples presented in conjunction with FIGS. 24-34 havefocused on transmission devices and communication systems with axialdeviations of Δθ=0 or Δθ=π, other deviations Δθ are possible. Asdiscussed in conjunction with FIG. 23, electromagnetic waves maypropagate with envelopes having local maxima and minima that supportother axial deviations Δθ at corresponding longitudinal displacementsΔx. Considering the example where the envelope can be approximated by:

A(Δθ,Δx)=((A _(max) −A _(min))D(Δx)cos(2πΔx/λ _(s)+Δθ))+A _(min)

and Δθ=π/2, the envelope has local maxima at:

Δx=λ _(s)/4,5λ_(s)/4 . . .

And local minima at:

Δx=3λ_(s)/4,7λ_(s)/4 . . .

Two transceivers of the same transmission device can be placed withΔθ=π/2 and Δx=3λ_(s)/4 and a similar remote transmission device can beplaced at a distance of

d=(4N+1)λ_(s)/4

Other examples with other axial deviations and/or a greater number oftransceivers are likewise possible.

FIG. 35 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a guided-wave communications system in accordance withvarious aspects described herein. Guided-wave communication system 3500can be a distributed antenna system that includes one or more basestation devices (e.g., base station device 3504) that are communicablycoupled to a macrocell site 3502 or other network connection. Basestation device 3504 can be connected by a wired (e.g., fiber and/orcable) connection as shown, or by a wireless (e.g., microwave wireless)connection to macrocell site 3502. Macrocells such as macrocell site3502 can have dedicated connections to the mobile network and basestation device 3504 can share and/or otherwise use macrocell site 3502'sconnection. Base station device 3504 can be mounted on, or attached to,a pipeline 3510. The pipeline 3510 can be a national infrastructurepipeline such as a natural gas pipeline or oil pipeline used for energydistribution, a carbon dioxide pipeline used for carbon capture, reuseor storage, or other pipe or pipeline system. In pertinent part, thepipeline 3510 serves as the transmission medium—taking the place of awire or single wire transmission medium. As such, electromagnetic wavespropagate along the outer surface as surface waves or otherguided-waves, as previously described in conjunction with FIGS. 1-34.

Base station device 3504 can facilitate connectivity to a mobile networkfor mobile device 3522. Antennas 3512 mounted on a transmission device3508 or pipeline 3510, can receive signals from base station device 3504and transmit those signals to mobile device 3522 over a much wider areathan if the antenna 3512 was located at or near base station device3504.

In this example, the transmission device 3506 transmits data from basestation device 3504 to antenna 3512 used to communicate with a mobiledevice 3522. To transmit the signal, transmit device 3506 upconverts thesignal (e.g., via frequency mixing) from base station device 3504 orotherwise converts the signal from the base station device 3504 to amillimeter-wave band signal having at least one carrier frequency in themillimeter wave frequency band. The transmission device 3506 launches amillimeter-wave band electromagnetic wave that propagates as aguided-wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) thattravels along the outer surface of the pipeline 3510.

Another transmission device 3508 receives the guided-wave (andoptionally can amplify it as needed or desired or operate as a digitalrepeater to receive it and regenerate it) and can send it forward as aguided-wave transmission (e.g., surface wave or other electromagneticwave) on the pipeline 3510 to another transmission device that isfurther along the pipeline 3510. The transmission device 3508 can alsoextract a signal from the millimeter-wave band guided-wave and shift itdown in frequency or otherwise convert it to its original cellular bandfrequency (e.g., 1.9 GHz or other defined cellular frequency) or anothercellular (or non-cellular) band frequency. The antenna 3512 can transmit(e.g., wirelessly transmit) the downshifted signal to mobile device3522.

Transmissions from mobile device 3522 can also be received by antenna3512. The transmission device 3508 can upshift or otherwise convert thecellular band signals to millimeter-wave band and transmit the signalsas guided-wave transmissions (e.g., surface wave or otherelectromagnetic wave) over the pipeline 3510 via transmission device3506 to base station device 3504.

In an example embodiment, system 3500 can employ diversity paths basedon different axial orientations, different frequencies or differentguided-wave modes of propagation. The selection between differentdiverse paths can be based on measurements of the signal-to-noise ratio,or based on determined weather/environmental conditions (e.g., moisturedetectors, weather forecasts, etc.). The use of diverse paths withinsystem 3500 can enable alternate routing capabilities, load balancing,increased load handling, concurrent bi-directional or synchronouscommunications, spread spectrum communications, etc.

It is noted that the use of the transmission devices 3506 and 3508 inFIG. 35 are by way of example only, and that in other embodiments, otheruses are possible. For instance, transmission devices 3506 and 3508 canbe used in a backhaul communication system, providing networkconnectivity between base station device 3504 and other base stationdevices. Transmission devices 3506 and 3508 can be used in manycircumstances where it is desirable to transmit guided-wavecommunications over a transmission medium.

It is further noted, that while base station device 3504 and macrocellsite 3502 are illustrated in an example embodiment, other networkconfigurations are likewise possible. For example, devices such asaccess points or other wireless gateways can be employed in a similarfashion to extend the reach of other networks such as a wireless localarea network, a wireless personal area network or other wireless networkthat operates in accordance with a communication protocol such as a802.11 protocol, WIMAX protocol, UltraWideband protocol, Bluetoothprotocol, Zigbee protocol or other wireless protocol.

FIG. 36 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of atransmission device in accordance with various aspects described herein.In particular, a transmission device 3600 is shown that includes atransceiver 2020, having a transmitting device (or transmitter) and/or areceiving device (receiver) that is coupled to a corresponding waveguide2022 and coupler 2004 as previously described in conjunction with FIG.20. More generally however, this coupler 2004 can be implemented by anyof the other couplers presented herein with the wire or single wiretransmission medium being replaced in the system by the pipeline 3510.The coupler 2004 of such a coupling module includes a receiving portion2010 that receives an electromagnetic wave 2006 conveying first datafrom a transmitting device of transceiver 2020.

In operation, the electromagnetic wave 2006 propagates via at least onefirst guided-wave mode. The coupling of the electromagnetic wave 2006 tothe pipeline 3510 forms an electromagnetic wave 2008 that is guided topropagate along the outer surface of the pipeline 3510 via at least onesecond guided-wave mode that may differ from the at least one firstguided-wave mode. The pipeline 3510 supports the propagation of thesecond electromagnetic waves 2008 along the outer surface of thepipeline 3510 to convey the first data.

In various embodiments, the electromagnetic wave 2006 propagates alongthe coupler 2004, via one or more first guided-wave modes that caninclude either exclusively or substantially exclusively a symmetrical(fundamental) mode, however other modes can optionally be included inaddition or in the alternative. In accordance with these embodiments,the at least one second guided-wave mode includes at least oneasymmetric mode that is not included in the guided-wave modes of theelectromagnetic wave 2006 that propagate along the coupler 2004.

In addition to operating as a transmitter, the transmission device 3600can operate as a receiver as well. In this mode of operation, anelectromagnetic wave 2018 conveys second data that also propagates alongthe outer surface of the pipeline 3510, but in the opposite direction ofthe electromagnetic wave 2008. The coupler 2004 couples theelectromagnetic wave 2018 from the pipeline 3510 to form anelectromagnetic wave 2016 that is guided to a receiver of thecorresponding transceiver 2020 by waveguide 2022.

In one or more embodiments, the transceiver 2020 generates theelectromagnetic wave 2006 based on a communication signal to conveydata. The electromagnetic wave 2006 was at least one carrier frequencyand at least one corresponding wavelength. The coupler 2004 couples theelectromagnetic wave 2006 to the outer surface of the pipeline 3510. Thecoupling of the electromagnetic wave 2006 to the pipeline 3510 forms asecond electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along the outersurface of the pipeline 3510 via at least one guided-wave mode thatincludes an asymmetric mode, wherein the at least one carrier frequencyis within a millimeter wave frequency band and wherein the at least onecorresponding wavelength is less than the circumference of pipeline3510.

In one or more embodiments, the transceiver 2020 generates theelectromagnetic wave 2006 based on a communication signal to conveyfirst data. The coupler 2004 couples the electromagnetic wave 2006 tothe outer surface of the pipeline 3510, wherein the pipeline issurrounded by a dielectric coating, substance or other material. Thecoupling of the electromagnetic wave 2006 to the outer surface of thepipeline 3510 forms an electromagnetic wave 2008 that is guided topropagate along the outer surface of the dielectric material via atleast one guided-wave mode that includes an asymmetric mode having alower cutoff frequency, and wherein the at least one carrier frequencyof the electromagnetic wave 2006 is selected to be within a limitedrange of the lower cutoff frequency.

In one or more embodiments, the transceiver 2020 generates theelectromagnetic wave 2006 based on a communication signal to conveyfirst data. The coupler 2004 couples the electromagnetic wave 2006 tothe outer surface of the pipeline 3510. The coupling of theelectromagnetic wave 2006 to the outer surface of the pipeline 3510forms an electromagnetic wave 2008 that is guided to propagate along theouter surface of the pipeline 3510 via at least one guided-wave modethat includes an asymmetric mode having a lower cutoff frequency, andwherein the at least one carrier frequency of the electromagnetic wave2006 is selected to be within a limited range of the lower cutofffrequency.

In one or more embodiments, the coupler includes a receiving portionthat receives the electromagnetic wave 2006 conveying first data fromthe transceiver 2020. A guiding portion guides the electromagnetic wave2006 to a junction for coupling the electromagnetic wave 2006 to thepipeline 3510. The electromagnetic wave 2006 propagates via at least onefirst guided-wave mode. The coupling of the electromagnetic wave 2006 tothe pipeline 3510 causes the electromagnetic wave 2008 that is guided topropagate along the outer surface of the pipeline 3510 via at least onesecond guided-wave mode that differs from the at least one firstguided-wave mode.

While not expressly shown, in one or more embodiments, the coupler 2004is part of a coupling module includes a plurality of receiving portionsthat receive a corresponding plurality of electromagnetic waves 2006conveying first data. A plurality of guiding portions guide theplurality of electromagnetic waves 2006 to a corresponding plurality ofjunctions for coupling the plurality of electromagnetic waves 2006 tothe pipeline 3510. The plurality of electromagnetic waves 2006 propagatevia at least one first guided-wave mode and the coupling of theplurality of electromagnetic waves 2006 to the pipeline 3510 forms aplurality of electromagnetic waves 2008 that are guided to propagatealong the outer surface of the pipeline via at least one secondguided-wave mode that differs from the at least one first guided-wavemode.

While not specifically shown, in one or more embodiments, the coupler2004 is part of a coupling module with at least one other coupler. Thecoupler 2004 guides the electromagnetic wave 2006 to a first junction toform the electromagnetic wave 2008 that is guided to propagate along theouter surface of the pipeline 3510 via one or more guided-wave modes.This mode or modes have an envelope that varies as a function of angulardeviation from the orientation of the transmitting coupler and/orlongitudinal displacement from the function of the transmitting coupler.A second coupler, not expressly shown, guides another electromagneticwave from a second junction coupling this other electromagnetic wavefrom the pipeline 3510. The second junction is arranged in angulardeviation and/or longitudinal displacement to correspond to a localminimum of the envelope.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a waveguide coupling system in accordance with variousaspects described herein. In particular, a cross sectionalrepresentation 3700 of the pipeline 3510 is depicted near the junctionwhere two couplers 3702 launch and/or receive electromagnetic waves fromthe surface of the pipeline 3510. Each coupler 3702 can be implementedvia a coupler 2004 presented in FIG. 36 or via other coupler designpresented herein. As is shown, the couplers 3702 are angularly alignedwith an angular deviation of r radians and are positioned directly nextto, but leaving an air gap from the surface of the pipeline 3510. Inother embodiments, the couplers 3702 may be touching the surface of thepipeline 3510.

It is to be appreciated that while FIG. 37 shows pipeline 3510 having acircular shape and couplers 3702 having rounded rectangular shapes, thisis not meant to be limiting. In other embodiments, wires and waveguidescan have a variety of shapes, sizes, and configurations. The shapes caninclude, but should not be limited to: ovals or other ellipsoid shapes,octagons, quadrilaterals or other polygons with either sharp or roundededges, or other shapes. Further, while two couplers are shown, atransmission device can include a single coupler or two or more couplersarranged at different axial orientations and/or spatial displacements aspreviously discussed in conjunction with other transmission media.

FIG. 38 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a waveguide coupling system in accordance with variousaspects described herein. In particular, a cross sectionalrepresentation 3800 of the pipeline 3510, such as a natural gas orcarbon dioxide pipeline or other pipeline is depicted that operatessimilarly to the embodiments of FIGS. 35-37, but with the transmissiondevices 3506 and 3508 operating inside the pipeline 3510 instead of onthe outer surface. In this case, two couplers 3802 launch and/or receiveelectromagnetic waves from the inner surface of the pipeline 3510. Itshould be noted that waves launched inside the pipeline may start outappearing to be surface waves, but they can evolve into conventionalsymmetrical, fundamental waveguide modes that fill the interior space(e.g., the entire space or simply a portion thereof) of the pipe. Eachcoupler 3802 can be implemented via a coupler 2004 presented in FIG. 36or via other coupler designs presented herein. It should be noted thatthe design of the couplers 3802 can be streamlined to minimizedisruptions in the flow of the product through the pipeline. As isshown, the couplers 3802 and can be positioned directly next to, butleaving an air gap from the surface of the pipeline 3510. In otherembodiments, the couplers 3802 may be touching the inner surface of thepipeline 3510.

It is to be appreciated that while FIG. 38 shows pipeline 3510 having acircular shape and couplers 3802 having rounded rectangular shapes, thisis not meant to be limiting. In other embodiments, wires and waveguidescan have a variety of shapes, sizes, and configurations. The shapes caninclude, but should not be limited to: ovals or other ellipsoid shapes,octagons, quadrilaterals or other polygons with either sharp or roundededges, or other shapes. Further, while two couplers are shown, atransmission device can include a single coupler or two or more couplersarranged at different axial orientations and/or spatial displacements aspreviously discussed in conjunction with other transmission media.

Turning now to FIG. 39, a flow diagram is shown illustrating an example,non-limiting embodiment of a method of transmission 3900. The method canbe used in conjunction with one or more functions and features describedin conjunction with FIGS. 1-38. Step 3902 includes receiving a firstelectromagnetic wave conveying first data from a transmitting device.Step 3904 includes guiding the first electromagnetic wave to a junctionfor coupling the first electromagnetic wave to a transmission medium,wherein the first electromagnetic wave propagates via at least one firstguided-wave mode and wherein the coupling of the first electromagneticwave to the transmission medium forms a second electromagnetic wave thatis guided to propagate along the outer surface of the transmissionmedium via at least one second guided-wave mode that differs from the atleast one first guided-wave mode.

In various embodiments, the at least one second guided-wave modeincludes an asymmetric mode not included in the at least one firstguided-wave mode. The at least one first guided-wave mode can include asymmetric mode and the junction can induce the second electromagneticwave such that the at least one second guided-wave mode includes anasymmetric mode. The at least one first guided-wave mode can include asymmetric mode and the junction can induce the second electromagneticwave such that the at least one second guided-wave mode includes both anasymmetric mode and a symmetric mode.

In various embodiments, a third electromagnetic wave conveying seconddata can also propagate along the outer surface of the transmissionmedium. The junction can include an air gap. The junction can couple thethird electromagnetic wave from the transmission medium to form a fourthelectromagnetic wave that is guided to a receiver.

Turning now to FIG. 40, a flow diagram is shown illustrating an example,non-limiting embodiment of a method of transmission 4000. The method canbe used in conjunction with one or more functions and features describedin conjunction with FIGS. 1-39. Step 4002 includes generating a firstelectromagnetic wave conveying first data from a transmitting device.Step 4004 includes guiding the first electromagnetic wave to a firstjunction for coupling the first electromagnetic wave to a transmissionmedium at a first azimuthal angle to form a second electromagnetic wavethat is guided to propagate along the outer surface of the transmissionmedium via at least one guided-wave mode, wherein the secondelectromagnetic wave has an envelope that varies as a function ofangular deviation from the first azimuthal angle and wherein thefunction has a local minimum at a first angular deviation from the firstazimuthal angle. Step 4006 includes guiding a third electromagnetic wavefrom a second junction coupling the third electromagnetic wave from thetransmission medium at the first angular deviation from the firstazimuthal angle to form a fourth electromagnetic wave that is guided toa first receiver, wherein the third electromagnetic wave conveys seconddata that propagates along the outer surface of the transmission mediumin a direction opposite to the first electromagnetic wave.

In various embodiments, the envelope of the second electromagnetic wave,for the first angular deviation from the first azimuthal angle, variesas a function of longitudinal deviation from the first junction and thelocal minimum at the first angular deviation occurs at a firstlongitudinal displacement from the first junction. The envelope of thesecond electromagnetic wave, for the first angular deviation from thefirst azimuthal angle, can vary as a sinusoidal function of longitudinaldeviation from the first junction.

The sinusoidal function has a corresponding envelope wavelength, and thetransmitter can transmit the first data to at least one remotetransmission device having a third coupler that receives the secondelectromagnetic wave via a third junction that is remotely displaced ata second longitudinal displacement from the first junction. The secondlongitudinal displacement can be substantially an integer number ofenvelope wavelengths. The first receiver can receive the second datafrom at least one remote transmission device having a third coupler thatforms the third electromagnetic wave via a third junction that isremotely displaced at a second longitudinal displacement from the secondjunction.

The method can also include the step of selecting at least one carrierfrequency of the first electromagnetic wave based on feedback datareceived by the receiver from at least one remote transmission devicecoupled to receive the second electromagnetic wave.

As used herein, the term “millimeter-wave” refers to electromagneticwaves that fall within the “millimeter-wave frequency band” of 30 GHz to300 GHz. The term “microwave” refers to electromagnetic waves that fallwithin the “microwave frequency band” of 300 MHz to 300 GHz.

As used herein, terms such as “data storage,” “database,” andsubstantially any other information storage component relevant tooperation and functionality of a component, refer to “memorycomponents,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprisingthe memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components orcomputer-readable storage media, described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory or can include both volatile andnonvolatile memory.

In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue”indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that thesteps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used inconjunction with other routines. In this context, “start” indicates thebeginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by otheractivities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indicationreflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/ormay be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further,while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, otherorderings are likewise possible provided that the principles ofcausality are maintained.

As may also be used herein, the term(s) “operably coupled to”, “coupledto”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/orindirect coupling between items via one or more intervening items. Suchitems and intervening items include, but are not limited to, junctions,communication paths, components, circuit elements, circuits, functionalblocks, and/or devices. As an example of indirect coupling, a signalconveyed from a first item to a second item may be modified by one ormore intervening items by modifying the form, nature or format ofinformation in a signal, while one or more elements of the informationin the signal are nevertheless conveyed in a manner than can berecognized by the second item. In a further example of indirectcoupling, an action in a first item can cause a reaction on the seconditem, as a result of actions and/or reactions in one or more interveningitems.

What has been described above includes mere examples of variousembodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe everyconceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes ofdescribing these examples, but one of ordinary skill in the art canrecognize that many further combinations and permutations of the presentembodiments are possible. Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed and/orclaimed herein are intended to embrace all such alterations,modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope ofthe appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes”is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term isintended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as“comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in aclaim.

What is claimed is:
 1. A coupler comprising: a receiving portion thatreceives a first electromagnetic wave conveying first data from atransmitting device; a guiding portion, that guides the firstelectromagnetic wave to a junction for coupling the firstelectromagnetic wave to a transmission medium, wherein the firstelectromagnetic wave propagates via at least one first guided wave modeand wherein the coupling of the first electromagnetic wave to thetransmission medium forms a second electromagnetic wave that is guidedto propagate along an outer surface of the transmission medium via atleast one second guided wave mode that differs from the at least onefirst guided wave mode.
 2. The coupler of claim 1 wherein the at leastone second guided wave mode includes a non-fundamental mode not includedin the at least one first guided wave mode.
 3. The coupler of claim 1wherein the at least one first guided wave mode includes only afundamental mode and wherein the junction induces the secondelectromagnetic wave such that the at least one second guided wave modeincludes a non-fundamental mode.
 4. The coupler of claim 1 wherein theat least one first guided wave mode includes a symmetric mode andwherein the junction induces the second electromagnetic wave such thatthe at least one second guided wave mode includes an asymmetric mode andthe symmetric mode.
 5. The coupler of claim 1 wherein the junctionincludes an air gap.
 6. The coupler of claim 1, wherein a thirdelectromagnetic wave conveys second data that also propagates along theouter surface of the transmission medium; and wherein the junctioncouples the third electromagnetic wave from the transmission medium toform a fourth electromagnetic wave that is guided to a receiver by theguiding portion.
 7. The coupler of claim 1 wherein the guiding portionincludes a tapered, rounded or bevelled end that terminates at thejunction.
 8. A coupling module comprising: a plurality of receivingportions that receive a corresponding plurality of first electromagneticwaves conveying first data; a plurality of guiding portions, that guidesthe plurality of first electromagnetic waves to a correspondingplurality of junctions for coupling the plurality of firstelectromagnetic waves to a transmission medium, wherein the plurality offirst electromagnetic waves propagate via at least one first guided wavemode and wherein the coupling of the plurality of first electromagneticwaves to the transmission medium forms a plurality of secondelectromagnetic waves that are guided to propagate along an outersurface of the transmission medium via at least one second guided wavemode that differs from the at least one first guided wave mode.
 9. Thecoupling module of claim 8 wherein the first data includes a pluralityof data streams that differ from one another and wherein each of theplurality of first electromagnetic waves conveys one of the plurality ofdata streams.
 10. The coupling module of claim 8 wherein the at leastone first guided wave mode includes a symmetric mode and wherein theplurality of junctions induces the plurality of second electromagneticwaves such that the at least one second guided wave mode includes anasymmetric mode.
 11. The coupling module of claim 8 wherein the at leastone first guided wave mode includes a first symmetric mode and whereinthe plurality of junctions induces the plurality of secondelectromagnetic waves such that the at least one second guided wave modeincludes an asymmetric mode and a second symmetric mode.
 12. Thecoupling module of claim 8 wherein the plurality of junctions include anair gap.
 13. The coupling module of claim 8, wherein a plurality ofthird electromagnetic waves conveys second data that also propagatesalong the outer surface of the transmission medium; and wherein theplurality of junctions couples the plurality of third electromagneticwaves from the transmission medium to form a plurality of fourthelectromagnetic waves that are guided by the plurality of guidingportions.
 14. The coupling module of claim 8 wherein the plurality ofguiding portions each include an end that terminates at a correspondingone of the plurality of junctions to reduce signal reflections.
 15. Amethod comprising: receiving a first electromagnetic wave conveyingfirst data from a transmitting device; guiding the first electromagneticwave to a junction for coupling the first electromagnetic wave to atransmission medium, wherein the first electromagnetic wave propagatesvia at least one first guided wave mode and wherein the coupling of thefirst electromagnetic wave to the transmission medium forms a secondelectromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along an outer surfaceof the transmission medium via at least one second guided wave mode thatdiffers from the at least one first guided wave mode.
 16. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the at least one second guided wave mode includes anasymmetric mode not included in the at least one first guided wave mode.17. The method of claim 15 wherein the at least one first guided wavemode includes a symmetric mode and wherein the junction induces thesecond electromagnetic wave such that the at least one second guidedwave mode includes an asymmetric mode.
 18. The method of claim 15wherein the at least one first guided wave mode includes a symmetricmode and wherein the junction induces the second electromagnetic wavesuch that the at least one second guided wave mode includes anasymmetric mode and the symmetric mode.
 19. The method of claim 15wherein the junction includes an air gap.
 20. The method of claim 15,wherein a third electromagnetic wave conveys second data that alsopropagates along the outer surface of the transmission medium; andwherein the junction couples the third electromagnetic wave from thetransmission medium to form a fourth electromagnetic wave that is guidedto a receiver.
 21. A method comprising: guiding a first electromagneticwave to a junction, wherein the first electromagnetic wave propagatesvia at least one first guided wave mode; and coupling of the firstelectromagnetic wave to a transmission medium to form a secondelectromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along an outer surfaceof the transmission medium via at least one second guided wave mode thatdiffers from the at least one first guided wave mode.
 22. The method ofclaim 21 wherein the at least one second guided wave mode includes anon-fundamental mode not included in the at least one first guided wavemode.
 23. The method of claim 21 wherein the at least one first guidedwave mode includes a fundamental mode and wherein the junction inducesthe second electromagnetic wave such that the at least one second guidedwave mode includes a non-fundamental mode.
 24. The method of claim 21wherein the at least one first guided wave mode includes a fundamentalmode and wherein the junction induces the second electromagnetic wavesuch that the at least one second guided wave mode includes anon-fundamental mode and the fundamental mode.